Seacoast Science Center Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Seacoast Science Center - Term Paper Example 7 Financial measurement 7 Donor dependence ratio 8 Non financial measurement 9 Competitive advantages 9 What can the SSC do to overcome the â€Å"$50,000 question†? Is this question the real problem facing SSC? 10 Would raising the admission fee negatively affect SSC’s financial situation? Explain. 11 Conclusion and recommendations 12 Executive summary The seacoast science Center is located in the Odiorne Point State Park in Rye, New Hampshire. The center served as an educational center for the local environment and the visitors’ center for the park. Just like for-profit-organizations, not-for-profit organizations operate in internal and external environments, both of which present forces that must be considered in determining the sustainability of the organization. Strengths and weaknesses are the internal factors that can be controlled by the management while opportunities and threats are the external forces that affect the whole industry, and which the organiz ation cannot control. Besides, competitive advantages will be examined – these are the factors that enable the company sell its goods/services despite there being rival organizations’ dealing with similar goods/services. Other issues that will be tackled in this report include: how to measure success, how to address the $50,000 question and the possible impacts of raising admission fees. Introduction/background The facility called Seacoast Science Center was opened in 1992, with Parks as the facility’s owner, Audibon Society of New Hampshire (ASNHH) as the managing sponsor and the Advisory Committee as the governing body. The director of the visiting center was Wendy Lull, who served as the first employee. During the year of starting, the center attracted 65,000 visitors, a number that grew to 100,000 by 1999, which was above its capacity. In November 2001, the Seacoast Science Center, Inc., an independent nonprofit organization took over the management contract for the center. Currently, SCC is grappling with a deficit budget, a problem that is giving Wendy Lull, the organization’s president, an endless headache. One of the options that is being cited to address this problem includes raising of the admission fees, but again it is argued that such a move could keep off the donors and perhaps make it difficult for the visitors to raise the fees, especially because people do not highly value the kind of services offered by perks. This report will analyze the organization’s SWOT, discusses ways of measuring its success, and look at its competitive advantages among other issues. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. The organization’s programs strength is lying in its ability to track changes over time - through the use of simple technology. 2. SSC has a mix of staff and trained volunteers. The staff is always commended for engagement and commitment. The competence of staff is revealed by Wendy’s remarks that â€Å"—we all do visitor programs, we’re out there, you’re teaching people, you’re interacting with them† (Naumes and Lull, 2012: 10). 3. Educational programs are available for all ages, ranging from kindergarten through high school. This makes it easy for SSC to get many clients throughout the year. 4. The programs are very simple; hence, people can get involved without much hassle. 5. The organization has adopted technology including websites, direct mail and press release. These platforms are highly valuable for marketing purposes, which gives the organization a competitive edge. 6. The numbers of visitors are growing rapidly every year. 7. The change in management to SCC Inc. in 2001 allowed the management and staff to focus on the organization’s mission. This offered SSC a financial freedom, including having its own members and donors. 8. The new chairman, Pam Hall, has

ICT in Organisations Essay Example for Free

ICT in Organisations Essay 1: Introduction: What is EPOS? What is epos? Epos is a name for a till that operates in big organisation. EPOS systems are mainly used by businesses that have large numbers of regular sales like debenhams, EPOS stands for Electronic Point of Sale, is an electronic system that processes credit cards transactions so that the credit card has the right funds in it ,it is also Checkout tills that are connected to a computer with a bar code scanner that scans the products . The EPOS also provides full stock control; it also provides the tracking of refunding goods. It electronically receives and sends bar code information. How debenhams use epos is that it controls Product handling at point of sale, stock control, automatic reordering and rate of sale information and also is set up to retain a database of all customers volunteering their name/address/telephone number, for the purpose of mailing lists or other marketing database. EPOS can hold details on a maximum of 100,000 stock items. It Takes about 0.25 seconds per product to find its name /country / expiry date, With a 10,000 item stock file. The barcode can be read with a hand held scanner at the checkout .the scanner makes a light appears the reflects off the barcode. The white lines on a barcode reflect the light strongly while the black lines reflect less strongly. There are many differnet types of epos systems that have different makes and different types of size , proccesor , speed a Epos systems include the following features that are on EPOS systems that are in debenhams * Barcode entry sales * Discounts for staff customers * Stock search * Refunds to customers * Stock control * entry for credit card details * customers details * suppliers details * statements * invoices * make barcodes * stores details 2 : description of each of the components Input devices Input devices that are used at debenhams are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Keyboard à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mouse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Scanner à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Barcode reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sensors à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Magnetic stripe reader à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Touch screens Input devices are devices that can enter the computer, input devices can give access to information so that it can be stored or entered in the computer for processing or the act of storing goods or the state of being stored on a magnetic tape or a storage device that stores information. Input devices One input device that is on an epos system that is used in debenhams that I will be discussing in detail will be a keyboard. One of the most used input devices in debenhams is called a keyboard, it changes key presses into the computer code, say for example pressing the C key produces electrical signals which the computer uses to represent that letter. Computer uses a different code for each character on the keyboard. A key board is also A hardware device consisting of a number of mechanical buttons (keys) which the user presses to input characters to a computer. How keyboards input devices work is that When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact on the underside of the dome touches (and hence connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit below. This bridges between them and allows current to flow changing the signal strength. A scanning signal is worked by the chip along the pairs of lines to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different, the chip generates a make code corresponding to the key connected to that pair of lines. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a keyboard cable or over a wireless connection. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes them into the appropriate key press. The computer then decides what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a character on the screen, or perform some action). There are many different types of keyboards that are used in a epos systems but one that is used at debenhams is called a QWERTY keyboards named after the first six alphabetic keys on the keyboard . Keyboards are especially useful for entering text and numbers. How a type of input device that is used in debenhams which is called a keyboard is used is that it helps the employees working at debenhams to find prices of products that loses it barcode or if they have a mistake in the receipt it can resolve the mistake and give them there money back or if they have to multiply a product more than once so that they dont have to carry it because if its to heavy . They input devices used as part of EPOS in debenhams There are many input devices that are used at debenhams for EPOS systems , one of them is a Bar code scanner its make is Symbol LS6000 , the second input devices that I will be talking about is a Magnetic stripe reader its make is NCR and also its a 3 track reader . Processor used The processor (also called Central Processing Unit, or CPU) is the part of the computer that actually works with the data and runs the programs. the processor is called the brain of the computer, It is a microchip which carries out all of the searching, sorting, selecting and calculating within the computer. Specification of the processor used at debenhams is that most common CPUs in PCs are Celeron Processors made by Intel , it has a fast speed measured in MHz and also it has a hardware that can get the computer up to scratch . .the processor is needed in debenhams epos systems because it helps debenhams to sort everything up to date and get everything sorted to scratch so that it can run like a functional company and also helps debenhams to calculate its shares so that they can know whither the have loses or profits . I think the processor helps debenhams get up to date for that debenhams can gain profits because they have a well fulfilling company that meets its processing needs. The processors used as part of an EPOS system in debenhams There are many processors used at debenhams for epos systems ,one of them is a Store server its make is NCR Worldmark 4455 and the processor type is Pentium Xeon and its processor speed is 500MHz and the size of the RAM is 500MHz. the second processor I will be talking about is the mainframe , its make is IBM ISeries model 840, its size is 3.1Tb, its processor type is 64 bit RISC #23FC , and its processor speed is 16,500 CPW batch 2,000 CPW Interactive . Output devices devices that are used at debenhams are * VDU * Printers * Monitor * Scanner * Hand held barcode scanners

Fields Of Psychology :: essays research papers

Psychology (Ph.D. Code: PSY) Fields of study: Clinical, cognitive, and social psychology; neuroscience and behavior; visual perception. The program offers doctoral study for students who intend to become psychological scientists or scientist-practitioners. Students who plan to terminate their studies with the master's degree are not encouraged to apply. Admission is not limited to students with undergraduate backgrounds in psychology. Theory, method, and research experience in a number of areas of psychological science are emphasized. Course requirements are organized into the three broad areas of cognitive science, neuroscience, and clinical science. Students have intensive research training with individual faculty in the areas of clinical psychology, cognition, functional imaging, perception, psychobiology, sensory neurophysiology, and social psychology. Students in clinical psychology are also provided with extensive training in clinical skills. Major practicum facilities in which students receive supervised clinical and/or applied research training are found in the Vanderbilt Medical Center and other institutions in Nashville. The department is in a building which offers generous laboratory space for individual and group experiments with human subjects, and facilities for animal experimentation. It has a computerized classroom and connections to the campus mainframe computers. Computerized equipment for neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and psychophysics is also available and is especially suited for work on sensory systems. Human subjects are available through a University research pool, Vanderbilt clinics, and the local school system. In addition, the department has an animal facility providing a wide variety of species, including fish, rodents, and primates. Faculty: 22 Graduate enrollment: In residence 37; average in entering class 5-8 Address: 111 21st Avenue South; 37240 Phone: (615) 322-2874 E-mail: patricia.m.burns@vanderbilt.edu [Psychology] Psychology and Human Development (M.S., Ph.D. Code: GPSY) Fields of study: Clinical, cognitive studies, community, developmental, and quantitative psychology. The Clinical program focuses primarily on issues facing children and families. Faculty members study the development of aggressive behavior and depression in children and adolescents; psychological factors accompanying developmental disability and chronic physical disease; the role of communities in mental health; cognitive intervention for learning and behavioral problems; and the delivery of mental health services to children, youth, and families. The goal of the clinical program is to educate psychologists as scientists and practitioners so that they may pursue a variety of career paths. The Cognitive Studies program focuses on laboratory- and field-based research into cognitive processes as they occur in formal and informal learning situations. Areas of research emphasis include cognition, instruction, and technology; cognitive development;

Friday Night Lights by H.G. Bissinger Essay -- rural town, football cra

H.G. Bissinger’s Friday Night Lights brings to mind the cold, autumn nights of 1988 where a town, just like any other rural town in America, was brought together in such a raw and emotional way. From the rise and fall of Boobie Miles to the push for the playoffs, it is clear that 1988 Odessa was swept up in the glory of football to replace the grandeur of the 1950s, which seemed to deteriorate throughout that hectic decade. While a modern reader may view Bissinger’s masterpiece as a tale from a dated and faraway place, several factors have kept it in the public’s eye. What is it about Friday Night Lights that still resonates today? The answer can still be found in the same rural towns of America. Though it may seem incredible, Texas is still football crazy, and it may be fairly concluded that emotions have only slightly receded from the obsession they once held towards high school football. People’s inability to analyze themselves, the impact a community c an have on younger generations, and the way priorities can easily be warped all struck me as subjects that have stayed true in Texas culture over the past 26 years. I will be discussing these topics throughout this dissection of Friday Night Lights. The ability to analyze one’s self is a trait that seems to be lacking in nearly everyone until, supposedly, they reach full maturity. It can be noted that this ability is extremely lacking in every character introduced in the book, including adults. All of the coaches and parents fail to realize the great amount of pressure they place on the kids. Rather than being supported, Boobie Miles is treated as a â€Å"has been† at the age of eighteen by everyone surrounding him. Don Billingsley is dejected at the beginning of the season, even b... ...at Round Rock because the school was having difficulty supporting it. It can be understood why the football season of 1988 seems like such a faraway place. 1995, the year I and many of my fellow classmates were born, marked twenty six years since Neil Armstrong walked on the moon. Though it is not a pleasant thought, it seems that the problems Americans faced in 1969, 1988, and now will be problems we must face for years to come. It is our duty to make Texas a better place to live, encourage younger generations that success and happiness exist after high school, and that one is in charge of his own destiny. Works Cited Cantu, Rick. "State's Stadium Spending, Amenities Raise Eyebrows." Austin News, Sports, Weather, Longhorns. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. .

Cis170 Ilab 5

Week 5 iLab Part A: using System; using System. Collections. Generic; using System. Linq; using System. Text; namespace Lab5A { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { string[] playerName = new string[100]; int[] playerScore = new int[100]; int c = 0; c=InputData(ref playerName, ref playerScore); double avg= CalculateAverageScore(ref playerScore,c); Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Name Score†); DisplayPlayerData(ref playerName, ref playerScore, c); Console. WriteLine(); Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Average Score: † + avg + † â€Å"); Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Player's Who Scored Below Average†); Console.WriteLine(â€Å"Name Score†); DisplayBelowAverage(avg, ref playerName, ref playerScore,c); } static int InputData(ref string[] player, ref int[] score) { int addName = 0,counter=0; do { Console. Write(â€Å"Enter Player's Name (Q to quit): â€Å"); player[counter] = Console. ReadLine(); if (player[counter] == â€Å"q† || player[counter] == â⠂¬Å"Q†) { addName = 1; } else { Console. Write(â€Å"Enter score for {0}: â€Å", player[counter]); score[counter] = Convert. ToInt32(Console. ReadLine()); counter++; } } while (addName ! = 1); eturn counter; } static void DisplayPlayerData(ref string[] playerName, ref int[] playerScore,int counter) { for (int i = 0; i < counter; i++) { Console. WriteLine(â€Å"{0} {1}†, playerName[i], playerScore[i]); } } static double CalculateAverageScore(ref int[] playerScore,int counter) { int total = 0, avg = 0; for (int i = 0; i < counter; ++i) { total += Convert. ToInt32(playerScore[i]); } if (playerScore. Length > 0) avg = total / counter; return avg; } static void DisplayBelowAverage(double avg, ref string[] playerName, ref int[] playerScore,int counter) { or (int i = 0; i < counter; i++) { if (playerScore[i] < avg) { Console. WriteLine(â€Å"{0} {1}†, playerName[i], playerScore[i]); } } Console. ReadLine(); } } } Part B: using System; using System. Collections. Gen eric; using System. Linq; using System. Text; using System. Collections; namespace Week_5_iLab_Part_B { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { string response = â€Å"y†; ArrayList LastNameAL = new ArrayList(); //Console. Write(â€Å"Enter a last name: â€Å"); //LastNameAL. Add(Console. ReadLine()); //Console. Write(â€Å"Keep Going? (Y/N) â€Å"); //response = Console.ReadLine(); while (response == â€Å"y†) { Console. Write(â€Å"Enter a last name: â€Å"); LastNameAL. Add(Console. ReadLine()); Console. Write(â€Å"Keep Going? (y/n) â€Å"); response = Console. ReadLine(); } Console. WriteLine(LastNameAL. Count + † last names entered. â€Å"); Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Last names in ascending order. â€Å"); LastNameAL. Sort(); foreach (string s in LastNameAL) { Console. WriteLine(s); } Console. WriteLine(â€Å"Last names in descending order. â€Å"); LastNameAL. Reverse(); foreach (string s in LastNameAL) { Console. WriteLine(s); } Cons ole. ReadLine(); } } }

Avoiding Ice and Snow Damage to Trees

Avoiding Ice and Snow Damage to Trees Brittle tree species that retain dead, persistent winter leaves normally take the brunt of heavy icing after a winter storm. Knowing and managing your brittle trees and you can make it through a normal ice storm. Many of the elms, most true poplars (not yellow poplar), silver maples, birches, willows, and hackberry are tree species that simply cant handle the weight of the ice slurry coating their limbs, persistent leaves, and needles. They do well with the snows of the north but have problems in areas that have regular ice storms. Cold climate conifers like fir, spruce and hemlock can handle moderate icing. Southern yellow pines usually take a beating during major icing events that occur on the edge of their natural range. Brittle trees tend to be fast growers. Because of their desirable growth potential and the prospect of making quick shade, weak trees are sought out and planted by homeowners in late winter ice zones. Planting these trees will only exacerbate the problem of limb breakage during heavy icing. Fast-growing trees often develop weak, V-shaped crotches that easily split apart under the added weight of ice. Because these trees usually take some damage from storms throughout the year, internal rot, decay and included bark (some of which you cannot readily see) lead to weakened trunks and limbs (some callery pears). Multiple leader, upright evergreens, such as arborvitae and juniper, and multiple leader or clump trees, such as birch, are most subject to snow and ice damage. Smaller trees need to be wrapped and larger trees with wide-spreading leaders should be cabled in ice-prone areas. Here are things you can do in the yard or landscape to prevent ice damage: Plant Only Strong Trees in Your Landscape Certain trees are popular year in and year out for a reason - they show well and live well. Prefer these trees but eliminate those I have mentioned that door poorly in ice-prone regions.   Brittle Species Should Not Be Planted These species will not do well on sites where heavy ice and snow is a problem. Brittle species include elm, willow, box-elder, hackberry, true poplar and silver maple. Avoid Planting Species With Persistent Leaves Species  that hold their persistent leaves into late fall and early winter where early ice storms are common isnt a great idea. These trees are quickly damaged and removed where the ice storm is common. Wrap Small Multi-Leader Trees So you have a valuable, small specimen you want to preserve. If ice is predicted, secure the tree with strips of carpet, strong cloth or nylon stockings two-thirds of the way above the weak crotches. Always remove any wrapping during spring to avoid binding new growth and girdling limbs and trunk. Begin an Annual Pruning Program When Trees Are Young There is not much you can do with a weak crotch so use tip 4. Prune dead or weakened limbs and excessive branches from trunk and crowns. This reduces ice weight that can rapidly destroy the trees form. Hire a Professional Arborist The expense is worth it for particularly valuable susceptible or wide-spreading large trees. An arborist can strengthen a tree by installing cabling or bracing on weak limbs and split crotches. Favor Conical Formed Trees Trees like conifers, sweetgum or yellow poplar will be robust additions to your landscape. Species with less branch surface area, such as black walnut, sweetgum, ginkgo, Kentucky coffeetree, white oak, and northern red oak are preferred.

Significance of Words Dying and Death in To Build Essays

Significance of Words Dying and Death in To Build Essays Significance of Words Dying and Death in To Build a Fire Dying and Death in To Build a Fire Modern Lit. Paper Significance of Words Dying and Death in "To Build a Fire" Dying and Death in "To Build a Fire" The significance of the words "dying and death" in Jack London's 1910 novel, "To Build a Fire" continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet "the boys" at camp. London associates dying with the man's diminishing ability to stay warm in the frigid Alaskan climate. The main characters predicament slowly worsens one level at a time finally resulting in death. The narrator informs the reader "the man" lacks personal experience travelling in the Yukon terrain. The old-timer warned the man about the harsh realities of the Klondike. The confident main character thinks of the old-timer at Sulphur Creek as "womanish." Along the trail, "the man" falls into a hidden spring and attempts to build a fire to dry his socks and warm himself. With his wet feet quickly growing numb, he realizes he has only one chance to successfully build a fire or face the harsh realities of the Yukon at one-hundred nine degrees below freezing. Falling snow from a tree blots out the fire and the character realizes "he had just heard his own sentence of death." Jack London introduces death to the reader in this scene. The man realizes "a second fire must be built without fail." The man's mind begins to run wild with thoughts of insecurity and death when the second fire fails. He recollects the story of a man who kills a steer to stay warm and envisions himself killing his dog and crawling into the carcass to warm up so he can build a fire to save himself. London writes, "a certain fear of death, dull and oppressive, came to him." As the man slowly freezes, he realizes he is in serious trouble and can no longer make excuses for himself. Acknowledging he "would never get to the camp and would soon be stiff and dead," he tries to clear this morbid thought from his mind by running down the trail in a last ditch effort to pump blood through his extremities. The climax of the story describes "the man" picturing "his body completely frozen on the trail." He falls into the snow thinking, "he is bound to freeze anyway and freezing was not as bad as people thought. There were a lot worse ways to die." The man drowsed off into "the most comfortable and satisfying sleep he had ever known." The dog looked on creeping closer, filling his nostrils with the "scent of death." London's portrayal of the man does not initially give the reader the theme of dying, but slowly develops the theme as the story develops. The story doesn't mention death until the last several pages. The main character changes from an enthusiastic pioneer to a sad and desperate man. The conclusion of the story portrays the man accepting his fate and understands the old-timer at Sulphur Creek had been right; "no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below." Typically, short stories written in the early 1900's often conclude the story with a death or tragedy. London's story is no exception. This story follows the pattern by illustrating events leading up to and including death. Thesis Statement- The significance of the words "dying and death" in Jack London's 1910 novel, "To Build a Fire" continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet "the boys" at camp.

Christina Rossetti Essays

Christina Rossetti Essays Christina Rossetti Paper Christina Rossetti Paper Essay Topic: Christina Rossetti Poems Christina Rossetti was born in London, England on the 5th December 1830. She was of Italian origin, although she never visited Italy and spent her whole life in England. Her father, before moving to England, worked as composer Rossinis librettist. In England he taught and worked as a Dante scholar, marrying the much younger Frances Polidori. Polidori gave birth to the famous painter, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1828 and two years later to Christina Rossetti. Christina Rossetti was a devout Anglican who never married, although she was engaged twice. There is a sexist assumption that something is solemn about women who never marry. She died in 1894. Gabriel was said to be the more famous of the Rossetti children, but Christina made her fair share of famous poems including Goblin Market probably the most famous. Her poem, L.E.L. (whose heart was breaking for a little love) is one of her less famous poems, but is still written in her distinctive style. As the title suggests, the following is an analysis of the poem and an overall view of to what extent the poem can be called depressing. The title of the poem begins with the letters L.E.L. which are the initials of another poet of the same era Letitia E. Landon, who lived between the years of 1802-1838 she died very young, by committing suicide, after being forced into marriage. She had a very depressing and hard, short life and Rossetti has decided to include this in her poem. The reason that she put the initials in the title instead of the whole name is not totally known. It could be because she thought it would be wrong to tell of whom she was writing of, but wanted to hint to the readers of who it was. It could be just to create a sense of mystery right at the beginning of the poem. The title as a whole L.E.L. whose heart was breaking for a little love Almost appears like an epitaph of a gravestone which sets the mood straight away as a depressing one. Especially the latter part of the title which suggests that she died before she ever got to find love and whether that could be linked to her death would make it even more of a tragedy. The rhyme scheme of the poem is an interesting one. It is a-b-a-b-c-c-c. The quatrain part of the verse (a-b-a-b) tells us of L.E.L.s thoughts and feelings. I laugh, I sport and jest and my heart is breaking for a little love. The triplet part of the verse (c-c-c) tells us of the happiness of spring and all living things having a good time. When the quatrain and triplet are juxtaposed it shows the contrast between the depression of her feelings to the positive images of spring and thus making out that everybody and everything is having a good time, but she is not. The nineteenth century was time when people thought that life was just a show or play and everyone would just play out their parts. We can see images of playacting throughout the poem, which portray that it was written in the nineteenth century. Who play the pleasant parts and I deck myself with silks and jewelry. The first of these quotes sounds like it is said with a sneer as if jealous that other people have been enrolled with the pleasant parts and she is stuck with the lonely, depressing role. The latter of these quotes is the first part of a longer quote that follows the same pattern. It shows how she tries to hide her sad feelings, and she puts on a show to people to make-out that nothing is wrong and she is happy. There are images of isolation in the poem that emphasise her depression, and that she is closed off from the rest of the world. Mine own heart that dwells alone. The contrast of I and they I plume myself, they praise my rustling show. Also, in the first verse, there is a depressed, isolated mood created from the contrast of her public life, Downstairs I laugh, to her private life where she feels lonely, my solitary room above. The line running after that is turn my face in silence so we can see the sibilance of solitary, face and silence which creates a soft but, more importantly, sad mood to the poem. There is a line that is, save a few small differences like tense, constant for each verse. It is the fourth line my heart is breaking for a little love which is also included in the title of the poem and repeated six times in the poem. This repetition, and the alliteration of little love, greatly emphasises her loneliness and her desire some sort of love or care in her life. The little creates an even bigger sense of pity, because she isnt even asking to be loved to a great extent. She just wants a little love, someone who shows the least bit of care for her. The use of three, or tripling, is a device used a lot in the poem. I laugh, I sport and jest. And springtime wakes and clothes and feeds the use of three is a link to the bible, and in those days religion was a big thing. It somewhat suggests that her misery is Gods will, and it is just a small part of his great plan that is humanity. The first verse begins with a good start, I laugh, but there is a sense of doubt straight away with the But at the start of the second line. It gives an edge to the poem, because we know it is a sign of contrast, which will lead into the depression of the poem. The happiness of spring then contrasts her feelings and creates a sense of irony. The next verse shows her complete lack of self-esteem woes me and her isolation from the happy spring I feel no spring, while spring is wellnigh blown. This all adds to the depressing atmosphere. The third verse shows more images of isolation all love, are loved, save only I and contrasted to the onomatopoeia of whirr which is a reflection to the sounds of summer. Verse four includes yet more isolation with the contrast of I and they as explained earlier. The I plume myself is also a reference to nature which is ironic as she feels further from nature as possible in this poem, yet describes her actions in the way of a bird. The fifth verse is where more positive lexis starts to appear in the quatrain. Perhaps some saints in glory guess the truth. This is where she longingly hopes that some angel can recognise her sadness and empathise with it by taking her to a better place. There is still a sense of doubt in the word perhaps. The poem so far has seemed an extremely depressing one but in the final verse all negative lexis is changed to positive. The hope that an angel is watching has become a certainty. Yet saith a saint: take patience for thy scathe.' It is also repeated to emphasise that it is a definite certainty. The oxymoron true life is born of death tells us of how the real better life doesnt begin until death has come. The verse is all about life on earth being preparation for something better. The quote when new spring builds new heaven and clean new earth. is a reference to the part spring has played in the poem, and that this new spring is about more than just nature. This last line is the only one to break the pattern of the ten syllable iamtic pentametre that is used in the rest of the poem, and thus symbolising the change in the mood. I think that calling this poem depressing is a fair statement. I would not call it totally depressing because all this womans sadness is taken care of when she dies and her new life is a very happy one. The whole poem, save the last verse, has been about how she is isolated from everything and how sad everything is. For this it could be called depressing, but the last verse totally flips the poem around and ends with happiness. Therefore, this poem can only be called depressing to a certain extent.

Writer's choice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Writer's choice - Assignment Example On day one, just after writing down my values, I remained determined to living by them to the latter. Most of my action were controlled by them as I frequently reflected on them whenever I engaged in any activity or interacted with colleagues and/or family members. For instance, I have been cautious not to hurt or cause any sort of discomfort to others as I interacted with them. I even let go a friend who deliberately splashed dirt on my just polished shoes. This was unlike the former me who would have reacted violently. Similarly, I have been keen in arriving for lectures in time and diligently perform all tasks that appertains to my academics. I would even consult colleagues and teachers on matters that I felt I needed further clarification. Essentially, I have been upbeat to attain the above mentioned themes. My stretch experience connects significantly to acceptance, which is one of the other core principles of ACT aside from values. Acceptance involves allowing or rather embracing the unpleasant thought in one minds until that moment when they fade away without any attempt to fight them off. Handling such thought in this manner helps minimize their negative impact on one’s life as they give a feeling that they are less threatening. It may also be seem that acceptance is just but a means to enhance a value based lifestyle (Bach and Daniel 43). In the course of my stretch, this principle has been critical in so far my interaction with the other colleagues is concerned. I have been such a person who is reserved that I detested other people from meddling into my affairs. Said in other words, I disliked those colleagues who poke their noses in what does not concern them. This behavior frustrated my relationship with classmates as I often felt that none of them wants the best for me. Nonetheless, my moment in stretch has serve to make me embrace the negative attitude towards my colleagues whenever it boggles my mind and

Introduction To Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction To Finance - Essay Example The centre in this article will be on the three primary budgetary proclamations: the Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows. Every stamen is covered below in proper details. To being with, Income Statement: Purpose: The Income Statement depicts the after effects of those exercises identified with the improvement, generation, promoting, and offering of an organisations item or administration. In less complex terms, it fundamentally conveys an organisations net pay, characterized as its incomes (inflows of cash or assets) fewer cost (outpourings of cash or assets) for a given period. Component: While there is more than restricted to build an Income Statement, one regular strategy – known as a multi-step – appears. The accompanying four measures of gainfulness that are revealed: Gross Margin: This sum is figured by subtracting the expense of products sold from income. It represents to the amount cash an organisation holds from the offer of an item in the wake of paying for the generation of that item. This cash might be utilized to pay working costs (Carmona, 2010, 23) Earnings before Income Tax: An organisations profit before the pay expense cost is one that is nearly looked as a solid marker of gainfulness, as a grouping of procedures are accessible to organisations to minimize or even dodge imposes that influence their reported pay. Net Income: This is known as an organisations "bottom line", and can obviously appear as a negative number if costs surpass incomes. Importance to investors: The Income Statement permits investors to foresee an associations future execution on the premise of past results. It likewise gives experiences into how adequately administration is controlling costs, and permits investors to ascertain the money related proportions that uncover how well the organisation is contributing the cash under its control (Carmona, 2011,14). Purpose: The Balance Sheet

Base on the prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Base on the prompt - Essay Example There are three business segments through which Wal-Mart operates its business: Walmart US, Sam’s Club, and Walmart International. The retail stores have four different formats: discount centers, supercenters, neighborhood markets, and other small formats (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 4). The key products that are offered by Wal-Mart, Inc. include: food products, consumables, entertainment goods, apparel, and goods for home; major services are: pharmacy and optical services; money order services, check cashing, photo processing services, etc. (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 23-24). In addition to the retail units, Wal-Mart offers its products and services through the e-commerce websites available in 10 countries (Corporate.walmart.com). Wal-Mart launched its strategy of the international business expansion in 1991, by going to neighboring countries: Canada, Mexico, and some countries of the Latin America. The total number of Wal-Mart’s international locations exceeding the number of 6,100 enables the company to generate almost 30% of its revenue ($136, 318 mln in 2013) (Company Profile Wal-Mart Stores Inc, 26). Table 1 provides an overview of some of the key facts related to the Wal-Mart’s operations in different foreign markets. Wal-Mart has started its international expansion with opening its stores or by acquiring established local retailers in neighboring countries, such as Mexico, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. The company’s success in these countries has encouraged the management to go further and expand to China, the UK, Japan, Central America, India, and African continent. Wal-mart has opened its stores in few countries, including Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, China, and India. In order to enter all other countries, Wal-Mart has applied Mergers & Acquisition strategy, buying out either whole leading retailing companies operating locally or some stake of

Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Streetcar Named Desire - Essay Example He led life his own way. He was a man who was keen to protect his sexual relationship with his wife and this is one of the reasons why Blanche thought it was important for her to protect her sister from his violent acts. There was sexual tension between Blanche and Stanley from the moment they first meet. In one scene Stella is out of the picture (in the bathroom washing her face) the first time Blanche encounters Stanley. They’re alone together. He takes off his shirt on the grounds that he wants to be â€Å"comfortable.† While Blanche pretends to be ok with this, we know later that such informalities in fact make her feel uncomfortable. In another scene when Stanley rifles through the personal things in Blanche’s trunk, it’s as though he’s violating her as well. The big â€Å"Stelll-ahhhhh!!!† scene is as much about Blanche’s discomfort with Stanley’s destructive sexuality as it is fear for her sister. She’s horrified that Stella goes back downstairs in order to make love with Stanley. She even tried to persuade Stella but she chose brutish love over a better life. Her love for Stanley gave him the advantage over his enemy. Blanches jealousy is also quite noticeable in many scenes. Since she is dealing with the loss of her husband, Belle Reve, she envies her sister’s happiness and protection and how she has sexual freedom. In Scene Four Blanche says: â€Å"What such a man has to offer is animal force. But the only way to live with such a man is to go to bed with him! And that’s your job not mine!† It seems unfeasible for Blanche to relate a man in a non-sexual way, even those men who would be considered inappropriate for her i.e. her brother-in-law, Stanley. Even so, she was always quite eager to get a hold of Stanley’s attention and receive compliments about her physical appearance from him. After their first

Credit card frauds Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Credit card frauds - Literature review Example Gomez (2008) observes in this regard that a rich businessman of United States Frank X. McNamara helped to enhance the concept of credit in regards to making purchases of consumer products and other utilities. McNamara worked to bring about the Diners Club cards which helped many people to avail meals on credit (Gomez, 2008, p.461). Definition and Type of Credit Cards Credit cards emerge as a better substitution for cash through which the consumers can go for purchasing different categories of commodities. Sander (2003) observes in this respect that credit card companies relate different types of products and services with the credit cards. However these companies are largely complained for charging high amount of interests and large amount of fees from the customers. Further, Sander (2003) observes that there are essentially three main different types of credit cards viz. ... In this regard, Bailyn (2007) states that use of credit cards helps in generation of protection to the consumers in regards to purchase of commodities. The consumers can easily return such purchases if availed through credit cards rather than cash. Again the use of credit cards also helps the financial organisations to gain easy access to potential information pertaining to the credit position of the individuals before rendering credit cards (Bailyn, 2007, p.30). Definition and History of Credit Card Frauds Fraud activities have earned a new dimension through the manipulative measures taken with the help of credit cards. Joshi (2006) states in this respect that fraudulent activities concerning misappropriation of financial resources through the use of credit cards constructs the basic premises of credit card fraud. Unauthorized access to accounts through the use of credit card or activities to gain possession of large number of goods and services through adulterated use of credit car ds are examples of credit card fraud (Joshi, 2006, p.40). Enhancement of fraudulent activities pertaining to credit card came into emergence with the development of internet. Montague (2004) observes in this respect that after the period of 1990s the development of internet technology has helped in the progress of electronic commerce. The use of credit cards to conduct such transactions online has led to the growth of hackers to retrieve potential information relating to such cards (Montague, 2004, p.43). Types of Credit Card Frauds With the growth of sophistication in consumerism the use of credit cards has gained huge momentum. Consumers around the world are found to increasingly gain hold of large number of consumer products through the extensive use of plastic

Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Streetcar Named Desire - Essay Example He led life his own way. He was a man who was keen to protect his sexual relationship with his wife and this is one of the reasons why Blanche thought it was important for her to protect her sister from his violent acts. There was sexual tension between Blanche and Stanley from the moment they first meet. In one scene Stella is out of the picture (in the bathroom washing her face) the first time Blanche encounters Stanley. They’re alone together. He takes off his shirt on the grounds that he wants to be â€Å"comfortable.† While Blanche pretends to be ok with this, we know later that such informalities in fact make her feel uncomfortable. In another scene when Stanley rifles through the personal things in Blanche’s trunk, it’s as though he’s violating her as well. The big â€Å"Stelll-ahhhhh!!!† scene is as much about Blanche’s discomfort with Stanley’s destructive sexuality as it is fear for her sister. She’s horrified that Stella goes back downstairs in order to make love with Stanley. She even tried to persuade Stella but she chose brutish love over a better life. Her love for Stanley gave him the advantage over his enemy. Blanches jealousy is also quite noticeable in many scenes. Since she is dealing with the loss of her husband, Belle Reve, she envies her sister’s happiness and protection and how she has sexual freedom. In Scene Four Blanche says: â€Å"What such a man has to offer is animal force. But the only way to live with such a man is to go to bed with him! And that’s your job not mine!† It seems unfeasible for Blanche to relate a man in a non-sexual way, even those men who would be considered inappropriate for her i.e. her brother-in-law, Stanley. Even so, she was always quite eager to get a hold of Stanley’s attention and receive compliments about her physical appearance from him. After their first

From the period of the Spanish American War through the end of World Essay

From the period of the Spanish American War through the end of World War two, why does the United States move from relative isol - Essay Example The initial consequence of this increased global involvement resulted in a psychological and cultural impact on the American society that established a sense of supremacy in the minds of the general population about their country’s standing in the world. Another consequence of America’s increased global involvement was the economic development that was observed as a result of its emergence and ultimate dominance on the international stage during the period between the Spanish American War and World War II. The reason why the United States went to war against Spain in 1898 was because from its early days, policymakers in the country believed that Cuba’s geographic location was of monumental significance to the United States. Moreover, Spain’s loss of the majority of its lands in Central and South America led some of the politicians to suppose that France or Great Britain may take sweeping action to take control of Cuba and cause a great measure of problems for the United States. As Cuba became an important producer of tobacco and sugar cane, North American investment in the island saw a tremendous increase; the great degree of these economic relations by 1895 between the two countries was becoming more and more significant, as the U.S became an importer of 90% of Cuba’s sugar produce1. 30 years before the Spanish American war broke out, the Cubans had begun fighting for independence2, and this quest for freedom reached its climax in the year of 1895 when General Maximo Gomez, with his inadequate militia rose against a powerful Spanish army. The persistence of the Cuban insurgents came as a surprise to the Spanish opponents, who vowed to answer with a much ruthless response, killing about one fourth of the island’s population by 1898. As the Spanish government carried out its bloody campaign to repress the Cuban uprising, secretary of state, Richard Olney faced rising public demands to intervene in the matter to which the U.S made it clear to Spain that with the onset of war between the two nations, the United States considered its interests in Cuba being in danger. The event which ultimately triggered the Spanish American War occurred on February 15th 1898 when USS Maine, a US navy battleship blew up Havana harbor, killing 266 people. The US media heavily speculated that this act had been performed on the part of the Spain and even though diplomatic intermediaries from both sides intervened to resolve the issue, Congress went on to declare Cuba independent upon President McKinley’s request, demanding Spain’s withdrawal from the island and empowering the US president to engage in a war with Spain if it refused to recognize Cuba’s independence. When Cuban nationalists had first cried for independence, their determination to seek their goal had been evident but the lack of personnel and resources on their part could never have compensated for the

Body Mass Index Essay Example for Free

Body Mass Index Essay Body Mass index is a formula that determines the mass of body fat a person has. This formula is used to determine your weight proportion compared to your height if you’re on target, overweight or obese. Today we will use the formula by plugging in my own personal information and determining if I am over weight, on target or obese. To start I plug in the formula BMI=703w/h2. W = weight, H = height. I am 5foot 5 so in the formula my height will be 5. 5. After plugging in my info, I multiply 5.5 squared times 5.5 giving me the answer 30.25. I then divide 703W by 30.25 H. This then gives me the answer 23.24. Making W 23.24. Which is Equivalent to not being overweight. 703w/5.5(2) 703w/30.25 23.24w According to the chart my inequality fits in between the Compound inequality equation 23 BMI 25 which says I’m probably not overweight.   I don’t agree with this formula for I know for a fact that according to my height I am severely obese. However according to this formula I am probably not over weight. In addition to this the formula only uses your height and weight, it does not determine you fat mass or your muscle build. From going to the gym I’ve Learned that muscle weighs a lot more then fat. Which means that with this formula someone in perfect shape can be assumed to be obese: when in fact there in shape. The solutions chart that says whether you’re obese, overweight, or perfectly fit is giving in Intervals. The chart gives you a range of numbers from low to high. You determine where your body mass determines by the number of intervals you land on or in between. None of these numbers are to Infinity. The ranges have a start date and end date. In conclusion after plugging in the necessary figures and using the Body Mass Index formula it was determined that this formula gives inaccurate  results. For according to my doctor I am severally over weight and this formula has me sounding like a super model.

La Crisis Petrolera

La Crisis Petrolera OBJETIVOS 1. Analizar el impacto mundial que genera a nivel econà ³mico y en los mercados de capital la crisis petrolera. 2. Identificar los factores determinantes de la crisis polà ­ticos, econà ³micos. 3. Presentar informacià ³n cronolà ³gica del desarrollo de la crisis. 4. Analizar los diferentes fenà ³menos econà ³micos presentados en esta crisis haciendo à ©nfasis en la estanflacià ³n presentada en este periodo. INTRODUCCIÓN En la dà ©cada de los 70 se dio lugar a dos crisis petroleras, la primera de ellas en el aà ±o de 1973 y la segunda en el aà ±o de 1979, dichas crisis fueron generadas por los diversos intereses y objetivos que se manejaban entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP (Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo), las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras mà ¡s importantes del mundo y los principales paà ­ses compradores como los Estados Unidos, durante los periodos de crisis la fluctuacià ³n fue incontrolable, caracterizada por el incremento constante de los precios del barril y alimentada por los intereses econà ³micos de los reinos à ¡rabes y la acumulacià ³n de excedentes por parte de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, hechos que impactaron fuertemente a la economà ­a, afectando a los paà ­ses importadores del crudo y a los consumidores de los bienes finales en los cuales es necesaria la implementacià ³n del mismo. Dentro del marco de la crisis tambià ©n juega un papel muy importante el aspecto polà ­tico principalmente el entre Estados Unidos y los paà ­ses del golfo Pà ©rsico con la mayor intervencià ³n de Arabia Saudà ­, por ser el principal productor de petrà ³leo del mundo, dicho papel fue determinante en el periodo de crisis debido a que fue el actor que guià ³ las decisiones de la OPEP, como en el caso de la guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­ , cuando El gobierno saudà ­ toma la decisià ³n de iniciar un embargo en la produccià ³n, reduciendo un porcentaje importante de la produccià ³n y afectando las economà ­as por los conflictos polà ­ticos. Las consecuencias de las crisis solamente fueron negativas para los consumidores por el alza en los precios, pero fueron benà ©ficas para los productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras debido a la acumulacià ³n de excedentes lograda durante el periodo la cual se puede ver reflejada en la balanza de pagos de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes. Dichos acontecimientos mostraron que la elasticidad de l a demanda en aquel periodo fue alta, los productores à ¡rabes le mostraron al mundo el poder sobre este mercado y los consumidores entendieron la importancia de la energà ­a. 1. ANTECEDENTES * En 1956 el geà ³logo y director de investigaciones de Shell, inicià ³ un detallado estudio sobre los ritmos del descubrimiento de yacimientos petrolà ­feros en Amà ©rica del Norte, su trabajo demuestra matemà ¡ticamente que la explotacià ³n de todo yacimiento sigue una curva en forma de campana que toma su tiempo para fluir, ademà ¡s concluyo que la produccià ³n americana alcanzarà ­a su punto culminante en el aà ±o de 1970 y que caerà ­a rà ¡pidamente durante los siguientes aà ±os ocasionando un aumento de la dependencia del exterior, tambià ©n afirmà ³ que era inevitable una disminucià ³n de la produccià ³n a pesar de las mejoras en los mà ©todos de perforacià ³n y las nuevas tà ©cnicas de extraccià ³n, pero sus teorà ­as no tuvieron aceptacià ³n ante el gobierno de Estados Unidos, sin embargo sus postulados se cumplieron. * En 1967 el petrà ³leo supero al carbà ³n y se impuso como primera fuente de anergia alrededor del mundo. * Antes de los aà ±os 70 no se mostraban intereses relevantes sobre los recursos petroleros de Arabia Saudà ­, pero despuà ©s de 1970 la produccià ³n Norteamericana inicià ³ su caà ­da a pique y el petrà ³leo Saudà ­ se convierte indispensable. * En 1970 la produccià ³n petrolera Saudà ­ representaba el 13 % de las explotaciones mundiales, y en 1973 pasà ³ al 21 % * El petrà ³leo representaba el 95% de los recursos del reino à ¡rabe, de los cuales el 20% revertà ­a en la familia real. * A mediados de los aà ±os 70 el petrà ³leo representaba mà ¡s de la mitad de las necesidades econà ³micas globales de la humanidad representadas en un 54%, la cantidad de consumido pasà ³ de 300 millones de toneladas en 1960 a mà ¡s de 500 millones en 1975, aumentado en un 160%. * En 1971 se formo una comisià ³n encabezada por Richard Nixon y presidida por el general G. A. Lincoln con el fin de examinar la polà ­tica energà ©tica norteamericana con el trabajo de varios consultores, las conclusiones fueron: 1. Resaltar la necesidad de Estados Unidos de provocar una subida el precio del petrà ³leo importado para lograr estabilizar el precio interno a un nivel elevado e incentivar las inversiones necesarias para el desarrollo de las fuentes nacionales de energà ­a. 2. La comisià ³n tambià ©n recomienda el saneamiento de las relaciones con los paà ­ses exportadores para evitar alteraciones en las importaciones americanas. * El 14 de Febrero de 1971 en Teherà ¡n (Irà ¡n), los representantes de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras firmaron un acuerdo con la OPEP, debido a que su situacià ³n solo tenà ­a dos opciones ejecutar o ser ejecutados, por lo tanto firmaron un acuerdo de Capitulacià ³n el cual marco el fin del principio del (Fifty-Fifty) â€Å"mitad- mitad†, desde ese momento los paà ­ses productores poseen el 55% y obtienen un suplemento de 0.30 dà ³lares por barril sobre el precio establecido, sin embargo alcanzo el 0.50 dà ³lares en el aà ±o 1975. * En Julio de 1972 el reino à ¡rabe alcanzà ³ a producir 5.4 millones de barriles diarios y llega a 8.4 millones en 1973 * Para 1973 la industria petrolera necesitaba grandes sumas de capital debido a que afrontaban dificultades financieras, algunas compaà ±Ãƒ ­as Exxon, Shell, BP, PHILIPPS PETROLEUM ocultaban que estaban al borde la quiebra, debido a que habà ­an invertido en proyectos cuyo presupuesto inicial sobrepasà ³ todas sus estimaciones, tales como la construccià ³n de oleoductos, explotacià ³n de zonas fuera de las costas, gigantescos campos petrolà ­feros y nuevas tecnologà ­as para perforaciones, por lo tanto la crisis desatada por los paà ­ses de la OPEP fue la salvacià ³n a su crisis econà ³mica. 2. FACTORES DETERMINANTES DE LA CRISIS En 1964 el prà ­ncipe Feisal de Arabia Saudà ­, sacà ³ del poder a su hermano Saoud. En ese entonces el presidente de Egipto Nasser, era considerado como un puente que permità ­a a Rusia y su comunismo extender su influencia en la regià ³n, por lo que el monarca Saudà ­ debà ­a de alguna forma, depender de la proteccià ³n Estadounidense, sin embargo pidià ³ que los servicios secretos de Estados Unidos no operaran mas dentro de su reino sin tener en cuenta que los americanos no necesitaban de ello, la monarquà ­a conservadora de este paà ­s, la dinastà ­a de los Seoud, se apoyaba en una Islam radical: el Wahhabismo, religià ³n donde el Corà ¡n y la tradicià ³n (Hadith) deben ser interpretados literalmente, Faysal promueve la consolidacià ³n del Wahhabismo imponiendo sus reglas totalitarias, hecho que favorecà ­a a Estados Unidos y a la CIA debido a que el Wahhabismo dirigà ­a y vigilaba a la poblacià ³n, asegurando de cierta manera la estabilidad del paà ­s y junto con ella la estable produccià ³n de petrà ³leo. Estados Unidos tratà ³ de convencer de bajar los precios a los paà ­ses de la OPEP, todo inicià ³ en 1971 con el acuerdo de Teherà ¡n, donde se dieron negociaciones un poco precipitadas entre los representantes de la OPEP y los majors cuyo resultado fue un acuerdo que incluye un alza de 35 cà ©ntimos por barril mà ¡s un aumento anual de 5 cà ©ntimos por barril y otro del 2.5% al aà ±o para compensar la inflacià ³n, dicho acuerdo inicialmente se estipulo que debà ­a estar vigente hasta el aà ±o de 1975, sin embargo 15 meses despuà ©s de su inicio, Estados Unidos empezà ³ una nueva subida de precios de 1976 a 1980, ocasionado por el nombramiento de James Akins como embajador en Arabia Saudà ­, quien fue el director de la administracià ³n de carburantes y de energà ­a en el departamento de Estado y consejero para el petrà ³leo del presidente Nixon, Akins fue el encargado de preparar el informe de la segunda comisià ³n formada para revisar la polà ­tica petrolà ­fera Estadounidense, informe en el cual recomendà ³ la subida de precios.. En Junio de 1972 se reunià ³ el Congreso Arabe del Petrà ³leo de las Naciones con motivo de la celebracià ³n de la nacionalizacià ³n de la Irak Petroleum Company, que controlaba desde hacà ­a 50 aà ±os la explotacià ³n del petrà ³leo en Irak y Siria, en dicho congreso Akins dio un discurso a los asistentes en el cual afirmà ³ que algunos paà ­ses de la OPEP estimaban aumentar el precio del barril hasta que llegara a 5 dà ³lares, cuando en realizada la OPEP ni siquiera habà ­a discutido sobre la variacià ³n de los precios del petrà ³leo y teniendo en cuenta que en el acuerdo del Terà ¡n el precià ³ del barril aumento casi en un 50% pasando de 1.80 a 2.60 dà ³lares, el cual fue el primer aumento desde la creacià ³n de la OPEP, por lo tanto este discursà ³ sorprendià ³ a los asistentes y significo una leccià ³n de radicalismo polà ­tico por parte de su adversario. Por otra parte, en 1973 Nixon pone a las fuerzas Estadounidenses en estado de alerta nuclear por primera vez despuà ©s de la segunda guerra mundial como respuesta a la aparicià ³n de la flota rusa en el mar mediterrà ¡neo la cual se consideraba como una amenaza para Arabia Saudà ­, el paà ­s que le brindaba la mayor cantidad de petrà ³leo a su primer aliado Estados Unidos, por lo tanto los paà ­ses à ¡rabes sintieron apoyo de los Norteamericanos pero a cambio de aumentar la produccià ³n para cubrir la demanda americana, punto que favorecià ³ a occidente. En 1973 en và ­speras de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudà ­ tenà ­a mà ¡s del 25 % de las reservas mundiales de petrà ³leo, el 90% de la produccià ³n Saudà ­ provenà ­a de 6 enormes yacimientos concentrados en una pequeà ±a zona del reino à ¡rabe, destacando el mayor yacimiento de petrà ³leo del mundo descubierto en 1948 llamado Ghawar contando con aproximadamente el 17% de todas las reservas de petrà ³leo accesibles en el mundo. A principio de los aà ±os 70 las cuatro compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que formaban ARAMCO: Exxon, Texaco, Mobil y Chevron, fijaban el precio del petrà ³leo producido en Arabia Saudà ­ las cuales pagaban una tasa baja al reino por cada barril vendido, pero a principios del aà ±o 1973 se enfrentaron a mà ºltiples tensiones, temà ­an que sus empresas fueran nacionalizadas, por lo tanto decidieron aumentar el nivel de produccià ³n aprovechando el alza de precios de los barriles, con el fin de poder extraer el mà ¡ximo petrà ³leo antes de que los dirigentes Saudà ­es tomaran el control de los yacimientos, situacià ³n que finalmente se dio en 1976 cuando el consorcio se nacionalizà ³ en cerca de un 60%. 3. DESARROLLO DE LA CRISIS La primera crisis petrolera se presento en el aà ±o de 1973, el 14 de Octubre inicia con las negociones entre los paà ­ses miembros de la OPEP Organizacià ³n de paà ­ses Exportadores de Petrà ³leo y las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. El 16 de Octubre, en la ciudad de Kuwait, seis estados del golfo: Arabia Saudà ­, Irà ¡n, Irak, Abu Dhabi, Qatar y Kuwait) deciden unilateralmente aumentar el precio del petrà ³leo pasando de 2 a 3.65 dà ³lares el barril. En aquellos dà ­as se estaba desencadenado la cuarta guerra à ¡rabe-israelà ­, mediante combates, por lo tanto los ministros del petrà ³leo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes miembros de la OPEP establecieron un embargo y optaron por reducir la produccià ³n en un 5%, mediante la elaboracià ³n de un comunicado en el cual se precisaba que dicho porcentaje seria aplicado todos los meses a partir de las cantidades del mes anterior, hasta la evacuacià ³n total de los israelitas del territorio à rabe ocupados desde Junio de 1967 y el r econocimiento de los derechos legà ­timos del pueblo palestino. La subida del precio de forma unilateral fue el resultado de largas y complejas negociaciones entre los paà ­ses productores y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras, mientras que el embargo fue decretado segà ºn lo manifestà ³ el secretario general de la OPEP â€Å"solamente para alertar a la opinià ³n pà ºblica de las naciones occidentales sobre el problema de Israel†,[1] lo que podrà ­a mostrar que nada tenà ­a que ver un hecho con el otro aparentemente, pero era el mejor medio para llevar los precios a niveles mucho mà ¡s elevados. Esta crisis tambià ©n genero una gran solidaridad entre los paà ­ses à ¡rabes como no lo habà ­an conseguido là ­deres como Gamal Abdel Nasser, en el momento de la nacionalizacià ³n del canal del Suez. El 16 de octubre se convoca una reunià ³n urgente en Kuwait de la OPAEP (grupo de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes en el seno de la OPEP), por el rey Feisal, esto con el fin de hacer al presidente Sadat, junto con el emir de Kuwait, en esta reunià ³n todos los paà ­ses à ¡rabes exportadores se comprometieron a disminuir la produccià ³n partiendo del mes vigente en un mà ­nimo de 5% por cada mes siguiente â€Å"hasta que se complete la retirada de Israel de todo los territorios à ¡rabes ocupados en junio 1967 y hasta que los derechos legales del pueblo de palestina se hayan restablecido†.[2] Arabia Saudà ­ decide no hacer una reduccià ³n en la produccià ³n no solo en un 5 sino en un 10%. Siguiendo esta iniciativa varios paà ­ses tambià ©n inician a hacer cortes en el mismo porcentaje, y en la mayorà ­a se prohà ­be la exportacià ³n a Estados Unidos y algunos de ellos tambià ©n a Holanda. Estos cortes junto a los ocasionados por el conflicto que se venà ­a cursando en ese momento redujeron en un 15% los suministros de petrà ³leo a Occidente en un tiempo de dos semanas. A inicios de noviembre en otra reunià ³n en el mismo lugar se decidià ³ un reduccià ³n del 25 por ciento generales respecto del nivel anterior de la guerra, esto hizo que todos los paà ­ses consumidores tomaran medidas urgentes, prepararse para una escasez. Adicionalmente a esto fue la decisià ³n del incremento en el precio en una gran magnitud sin algo nunca antes visto, el 70 % o mà ¡s.[3] EL PRIMER IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 1 de octubre 16 de octubre % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 3.011 5.119 70 Irà ¡n ligero 34 ° 2.995 5.091 70 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 2.997 5.061 70 Kuwait 31 ° 2.884 4.903 70 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 3.084 6.045 96 Libia 40 ° 4.604 8.925 94 Frente a estas decisiones la reaccià ³n que se esperaba de los paà ­ses consumidores era un respuesta agresiva o de ataque, pero por el contrario fue nula, pues en este momento la economà ­a de ellos estaba en auge y particularmente desde la devaluacià ³n de facto del dà ³lar en diciembre de 1971, con crecimientos de la produccià ³n industrial del 6,3 por ciento en 1972 y hasta junio de 1973, llevando a los occidentales a el punto mà ¡ximo de su capacidad productiva, este à ©xito o prosperidad tambià ©n se veà ­a o se extendà ­a a los paà ­ses menos desarrollados, al reforzar sus mercados en exportaciones en volumen y en valor. Al no recibir respuesta los paà ­ses à ¡rabes decidieron dar un nuevo golpe, duplicando los ya elevados precios en enero de 1974, adicionalmente a esto no cumplieron lo pacto de reducir la produccià ³n de 75% a un 70% lo que hicieron fue aumentarla en un 85%. Arabia saudita un poco mas consiente del efecto devastador que ejercerà ­an sobre las economà ­as de los paà ­ses industriales, trato sin à ©xito de limitar el alza a un 50%. El aumento final de un 130 % fue una propuesta final del el Irà ¡n y Arabia Saudà ­. El SEGUNDO IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS PETROLERA (Precios de referencia de precios por barril ) Tipo de crudo 16 de octubre 1 de enero % incremento Arabia ligero 34  ° 5.119 11.651 128 Iran ligero 34 ° 5.091 11.875 133 Iraq, Bastah 35 ° 5.061 11.671 131 Kuwait 31 ° 4.903 11.545 135 Abu, Dhabi, Murban39 ° 6.045 12.636 109 Libia 40 ° 8.925 13.765 54 Con este nuevo incremento los precios de multiplicaron prà ¡cticamente por cuatro o por ocho si se comparan con los precios existentes en el 70, esto comparado con el resto de las materias primas y los bienes manufacturados que se multiplicaron por menos de 2% en el mismo periodo de tiempo. El sistema de fijacià ³n de precios mediante negociacià ³n quedo sustituido por la decisià ³n unilateral de los paà ­ses exportadores, a partir de 1974 se realizaron mas incrementos pero mà ¡s moderados que los de octubre y noviembre hasta la siguiente gran crisis en 1979. LA PRIMERA CRISIS DEL PETRÓLEO Fuente: Fondo Monetario Internacional 4. IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAISES EXPORTADORES Y LAS GRANDES COMPAÑIAS. Los grandes beneficiados con la crisis petrolera fueron los paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo, tanto en tà ©rminos monetarios como en tà ©rminos de participacià ³n y control de sus reservas, seguidos por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras. Los excedentes de las balanzas posteriores a 1974 por cuenta corriente de los paà ­ses de la OPEP ascendieron a 68.000 millones de dà ³lares, y promediaron los 35.000 millones de dà ³lares anuales en el periodo de 74/78, la OPEP obtuvo un excedente conjunto de unos 10.000 millones de dà ³lares lo que equivalà ­a entonces a la mitad del total mundial de las reservas monetarias oficiales. Estos excedentes no se repartieron en forma homogà ©nea y las diferencias entre los paà ­ses fueron enormes algunos paà ­ses se volvieron inmensamente ricos de la noche a la maà ±ana mientras que otros solo obtuvieron un efecto moderadamente favorable. Por esto la renta per cà ¡pita ascendà ­a en 1978 a 15.000 dà ³lares en Kuwait por encima de cualquier paà ­s industrial, mientras que indonesia otro paà ­s de la OPEP con 300 dà ³lares de renta per cà ¡pita comparado con otro paà ­s como la India la diferencia no era mà ­nima que no era un paà ­s productor de petrà ³leo. Otros paà ­ses como el Irà ¡n estaban en camino de entrar en la era de la industrializacià ³n, pero esto traerà ­a consecuencias para el rà ©gimen del Shah y para el propio pueblo iranà ­, Nigeria seguà ­a el mismo camino que Irà ¡n, pero en forma mà ¡s gradual, estas diferencias se mantenido despuà ©s de la crisis petrolera, Arabia Saudita por ejemplo, con 8n millones de habitantes , posee el 38,5 por ciento de las reservas de la OPEP, Ecuador con una poblacià ³n de 9 millones tiene solo el 0,3 por ciento, por esto las rentas y las capacidades de absorcià ³n de los mercados individuales son diferentes, la perspectivas que par la industrializacià ³n ofrecen las rentas petroleras son igualmente muy distintas. Las diferencias se hicieron patentes en los aà ±os siguientes a la crisis, como consecuencias de la reduccià ³n de ventas y el fuerte incremento en las importaciones, lo que trajo como resultado un deterioro de la posicià ³n exterior de algunos paà ­ses exportadores mientras que otros continuaban con fuertes superà ¡vits, Arabia Saudà ­ por ejemplo mantuvo durante todo el periodo un fuerte excedente por cuenta corriente, mientras la balanza por cuenta corriente de Argelia para a ser deficitaria a partir de 1975. En 1978 Nigeria y Venezuela presentaron dà ©ficits tambià ©n importantes aunque en general el superà ¡vit de la OPEP alcanzo la cifra de 177.700 millones en este periodo. Evolucià ³n de las balanzas de pagos a nivel mundial (Balanzas por cuenta corriente incluyendo incluyendo transferencias oficiales) (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1974 a 1978 Paà ­ses industrializados 17,7 -139 17,8 -2,2 -4,9 30,5 27,3 Siete paà ­ses mayores 12,7 -4,9 22,1 7,5 7,6 33,9 66,2 Otros paà ­ses industriales 5 -8,9 -4,3 -9,7 -12,6 -3,5 -39,0 Paà ­ses en và ­as de desarrollo Paà ­ses exportadores de petrà ³leo 6.7 68,3 35,4 40,3 30,8 2,9 177,7 Paà ­ses no exportadores de petrà ³leo -11,6 -37,0 -46,5 -32,0 -28,3 -39,2 -183,0 Por à ¡reas à frica -2,1 -3,5 -6,9 -6,1 -6,6 -9,0 -32,1 Asia -2,4 -9,6 -8,9 -2,6 -0,6 -6,8 -28,5 Europa 0,3 -4,3 -4,7 -4,1 -7,6 -5,2 -25,9 Oriente Medio -2,6 -4,5 -7,0 -5,4 -5,2 -6,5 28,6 Amà ©rica del sur -4,7 -13,5 -16,4 -11,9 -8,7 -13,2 -63,7 TOTAL 12,8 17,4 6,7 6,1 -2,4 -5,8 22,0 Fuentes: Fondo Monetario Internacional y OCDE El fuerte incremento de las reservas monetarias de la OPEP reflejarà ­a la marcada preferencia de estos paà ­ses por formas liquidas de inversià ³n de sus fondos excedentarios, por esto en 1974 los dos tercios de los fondos disponibles para inversiones fueron depositados en bancos o invertidos en bonos del tesoro, fundamentalmente en los paà ­ses industrializados, aun que en los aà ±os siguientes se redujeron los porcentajes a pesar de algunas inversiones como la del Irà ¡n en Krupp, de Kuwait en Daimlet- Benz y el de Libia en Fiat. El manejo fundamental de los dà ³lares procedentes del petrà ³leo (petrodà ³lares), correspondià ³ principalmente a la banca internacional, con bastante eficacia quien tambià ©n ayudo a financiar a veces con bastantes riesgos, pero tambià ©n con sustanciales beneficios los dà ©ficits de las balanzas por cuenta corriente de gran nà ºmero de paà ­ses. El desglose por estados productores paso de 14.400 millones de dà ³lares en 1972 a 119.200 millones en 1978 con incremento en la percepcià ³n media por barril en mà ¡s de seis veces. Las rentas de petrà ³leo de los principales paà ­ses exportadores (miles de millones de dà ³lares) 1972 1974 1976 1978 Arabia Saudita 3,1 22,6 33,5 35,8 Irà ¡n 2,4 17,5 22,0 20,5 Irak 0,6 5,7 8,5 9,8 Venezuela 1,9 8,7 8,0 5,6 Nigeria 1,2 8,9 8,5 8,2 Libia 1,6 6,0 7,5 8,6 Kuwait 1,7 7,0 8,5 9,2 Qatar 0,3 1,6 2,0 2,0 E.A.U 0,5 5,5 7,0 8,0 Argelia 0,7 3,7 4,5 5,0 Otro 0,4 3,3 6,1 6,5 Total OPEP 14,4 90,5 116,1 119,2 Ingresos medios por barril ($) 1,9 8,4 11,1 11,8 Fuente: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial Otra consecuencia que para los paà ­ses exportadores tuvo la crisis petrolera, fue la del cambio de propiedad del crudo extraà ­do en los mismos. Aà ±os antes de la crisis el petrà ³leo era propiedad mà ¡s o menos exclusiva de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que lo habà ­an encontrado y principalmente de las siete grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as internacionales, la fuerza de estas se basaba en su acceso a grandes cantidades de crudo a â€Å" precio de coste† del que podà ­an disponer al coste de su produccià ³n mà ¡s las regalà ­as (mà ¡s o menos el 12,5 por ciento de los precios de referencia) y la fiscalidad( normalmente el 55 por ciento de los beneficios teà ³ricos basados en los precios de referencia) A principios de 1974 Kuwait concreto un acuerdo con las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as que operaban en su territorio, Gulf y BP, por el que el 60% del crudo pasaba a ser propiedad de Kuwait, acuerdo que se hizo extensivo rà ¡pidamente a otros paà ­ses, en los siguientes cuatros aà ±os siguientes el proceso quedo completado con la nacionalizacià ³n de las concesiones por los paà ­ses productores. Para las grandes corporaciones el resultado de la cuarta guerra à rabe- Israelà ­ fue un gran beneficio econà ³mico al igual que para los Estado Unidos lo fue en lo polà ­tico( y mà ¡s tarde en lo econà ³mico consecuencias de los gigantescos beneficios acumulados por sus sociedades petroleras y por su gran banca a la que habà ­an de afluir una gran parte de los excedentes monetarios acumulados por los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo) , las cifras en el cuarto trimestre del 1973 comparadas con las de los à ºltimos trimestres de los dos aà ±os anteriores eran noblemente altas, estos beneficios se prologaron hasta los aà ±os 80 y aun mas doblemente con la segunda crisis petrolera de 1979, la guerra hizo surgir un nuevo y poderoso cartel de la OPEP y como mencionà ¡bamos hizo perder a las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as la propiedad directa de crudo en la mayor parte de los paà ­ses, esta estrategia fue aprovechada a fondo, proporcionando a estas grandes sociedades un incremento de su poderà ­o econà ³mico en proporciones que no hubieran podido soà ±ar. Beneficios comparados de las grandes sociedades petroleras Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1971 1972 1973 Exxon 357,0 353,0 638,0 Royal Dutch Shell 209,3 110,5 413,7 Texaco 218,2 207,4 307,4 Mobil Oil 134,1 140,9 231,2 Standard Oil de California 135,0 150,5 276,0 Gulf Oil 141,0 110,0 210,0 British Petroleum 87,0 35,0 135,0 Evolucià ³n de los beneficios declarados por las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as 1972-1978 Unidad: millones de dà ³lares 1972 1974 1976 1978 Exxon 1.532 2.142 2.641 2.763 Mobil 574 1.047 943 1.126 Standard Oil de California 547 970 880 1.106 Royal Dutch Shell 282 1.161 1.300 1.086 Texaco 889 1.586 870 852 Gulf Oil 197 1.065 816 791 British Petroleum 71 487 180 444 Fuentes: El petrà ³leo y la crisis mundial 5. EL IMPACTO SOBRE LOS PAà SES CONSUMIDORES El tema de los paà ­ses consumidores se centro en la disminucià ³n de los suministros de petrà ³leo provenientes de los paà ­ses à ¡rabes, pero a medida que se fue restableciendo se dieron cuenta que el verdadero problema era la multiplicacià ³n por 4 del precio del petrà ³leo. Esta alza fue interpretada como una agresià ³n totalmente injustificada. Los paà ­ses productores de petrà ³leo y las grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as petroleras se convirtieron ante la opinià ³n pà ºblica en los responsables de todos los males: la desaceleracià ³n del crecimiento, la inflacià ³n, del incremento del paro, de las restricciones al consumo que tan duramente afectaron a la mayorà ­a de los paà ­ses consumidores en el 73/74. Entre los paà ­ses desarrollados los tres mejor que menor la superaron fueron los Estados Unidos, el Japà ³n y la Republica Federal Alemana aun que por razones diferentes. La R.F.A. debido a su poderà ­o industrial, de un plan energà ©tico de lucha contra la inflacià ³n y a la calidad de sus redes de exportacià ³n no llego a ver su equilibrio de pagos exteriores en peligro, el Japà ³n un caso similar aunque tuvo un fuerte impacto inicial pero logro recuperarse, en cuanto a los Estados Unidos, el sistema monetario internacional le permite un desequilibrio permanente de su balanza por cuenta corriente, ademà ¡s como ya se habà ­a mencionado el cambio de la situacià ³n era un punto a su favor, sino ademà ¡s porque los dà ©ficits de las paà ­ses europeos obligaban a estos a conseguir mas y mas dà ³lares, que continà ºan siendo la pieza clave del sistema monetario internacional y las alzas del petrà ³leo permitieron a muchos pequeà ±os productores a pasar a ser competitivos y obtener enormes beneficios adicionales. Por el contrario para el resto de los paà ­ses industrializados y sobre todo para los del tercer mundo no productores de petrà ³leo, la crisis fue una verdadera catà ¡strofe, pues los dà ©ficits se elevaron a 183.000 millones de dà ³lares en el periodo de 1974 -78 y a 39.000 millones para los paà ­ses de industrializacià ³n media. En lugar de lograr un acuerdo de unià ³n entre los paà ­ses consumidores fue lo contrario un insolidaridad, es decir se lanzaron a una polà ­tica de â€Å"sà ¡lvese quien pueda† intentando firmar acuerdos bilaterales con los paà ­ses productores mediante delegaciones aisladas, tratando cada una de obtener los mejores beneficios que el vecino. Aunque se hizo un intento en Washington por lo representes de los 13 paà ­ses importadores de petrà ³leo no se consiguià ³ nada practico y cada uno siguià ³ sus negociaciones independientes como por ejemplo para conseguir cantidades especificas de petrà ³leo a cambio de ciertas mercancà ­as (escasas) manufacturadas: armamento moderno y tecnologà ­a de punta, con esto consiguieron que los gobiernos exportadores de que su petrà ³leo era tan importante como el oro y asà ­ estos nacionalizaron mà ¡s rà ¡pido su producciones con las alzas en los precios y generando los asà ­ el camino para siguiente crisis cinco aà ±os despuà ƒ ©s. La primera crisis petrolera se manifestà ³ en primer lugar en una caà ­da generalizada del ritmo del crecimiento econà ³mico. Todos los paà ­ses de LA OCDE (Organizacià ³n para la Cooperacià ³n y el Desarrollo Econà ³mico), experimentaron recesiones de mayor o menor intensidad, los intercambios al interior de esta organizacià ³n se redujeron en 12% en volumen entre el primer semestre de 1974, y el primer trimestre de 1975. Las empresas temiendo nuevas restricciones en la produccià ³n o nuevos aumentos en los precios del petrà ³leo, prefirieron liquidar sus stocks de productos terminados para responder a la demanda antes que incrementar la produccià ³n, por lo que las inversiones se vinieron abajo, acentuando aun mà ¡s la recesià ³n. El efecto de la primera crisis petrolera sobre el crecimiento econà ³mico Tasas de variacià ³n anual <

To Download Or Not To Download Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Internet is an extremely useful resource to obtain information on just about any topic. A relatively new feature of the World Wide Web is the technology for the sharing of music in MP3 format. A popular site to download â€Å"free† music is called Napster. This program allows people to share music files, discover new artists, and become part of the music community. Although Napster is controversial, the program should still remain accessible to Internet users and music lovers. Marc Geiger, a supporter of the program, states that â€Å"Napster is ‘totally community oriented,† (â€Å"Napster†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). It brings artists and fans together, and can allow struggling musicians a chance to be heard; that’s what the program is all about. â€Å"The more people hear the songs, the more they want {to} buy the CD† (â€Å"Napster†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The struggling musicians who aren’t making millions from one CD release are the avid supporters of Napster. Richardson is promoting the good side of the software, and trying to make upset artists understand that this program is for the little guys. â€Å"Its software aims to make finding MP3 files easier one the Net† (RIAA). Another advantage of the program is that it allows finding music files easier instead of having to search the entire World Wide Web. Napster is an MP3 file-sharing program that enables users to share their music with one another. Anyone with a computer can download the program, sign the user agreement contract and then start swapping music. The program includes chat features, a top music sharing list, searching capabilities, a chart that shows the status of the file transfer, a â€Å"library,† and a help section. The chat rooms allow for conversation between the different users, and shows information on the people in the room. The search feature allows the music consumer to search by song title, artist, bit rate, ping time, and connection. The file transfer element of the program allows the customer to see how much of the file is downloaded, the estimated time for the transfer to finish, the name of the host of the music, how big the file is, and the filename, (song title, and artist usually). The â€Å"library† is a music file holder that sorts the downloaded music files alphabetically. It allows ha s a music player, which can play an assortment of already downloaded music chosen by the consumer in any order. The program is easy to use and does not contain ... ...on, Brad. â€Å"10 Big Myths about Copyright Explained.† http://www.templetons.com/brad//copymyths.html (26 Nov. 2000). Outline I. Introduction A. Background of mp3 and Napster 1. What it is and how it works 2. Support for Napster B. Program description C. Founder of Napster 1. Why he developed Napster II. Body A. Problems with Napster 1. Pirated MP3 files 2. Copyright infringement court case 3. Problems with RIAA’s defense   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Bills preventing copyright infringement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Penalties for downloading unsecured files C. Similarities between Sony vs. Universal Studios court case and Napster vs. RIAA court case D. Consequences for Napster if it is found guilty of Copyright infringement E. Making the record companies obsolete if Napster is to be abolished F. Problems between the â€Å"digital divide† 1. Commercialism III. Conclusion A. Napster is a resource 1. Connection between artist and fans 2. People buy the CD after they have downloaded one song from that artist. B. Quote from Shawn Fanning, (founder)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Structuring a Successful Composition Course Essay -- English Writing T

Thinking about how I would structure my classroom for a composition course creates a dilemma for me. I had a great experience in my high school composition courses. I really responded to how it was taught and made a personal connection to the work I was doing. Originally, I wanted to model my classroom after the one I had loved so much. The readings I have done concerning postmodern techniques being used in a composition course have also seemed very appealing to me, but present a different classroom experience. James Berlin claims â€Å"in teaching writing we are tacitly teaching a version of reality and the student’s place and mode of operation in it† (235). Without dealing with the forces students are contending with I would be indoctrinating them with my own ideology and not teaching them the tools to understand and work with these systems for themselves. The problem is how can I reconcile these two teaching styles to fit into my version of a productive and successfu l classroom? The initial thing I would be concerned with when teaching a course such as this is how to get the students to want to do the work. I know that most kids do not want any part of schoolwork period, but how can I make the work interesting enough to get kids to at least have some kind of connection to their work? My first instinct would be to assign a short writing task with a few options for topics concerning the kids personal lives, family situations, or friends. James Sosnoski in his essay â€Å"Postmodern Teachers in Their Postmodern Classrooms: Socrates Begone!† attempts to create a series of writing assignments for his postmodern classroom. His first assignment would not be as concerned with the individuals issues, but he would have the students write about ... ...for my teaching is to teach my students to understand themselves and how they fit into the systems that affect their lives in so many ways. How I am going to go about doing that I have not figured out quite yet. Works Cited Althusser, Louis. â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.† Althusser, Lenin 127-86. Berlin, James A. â€Å"Contemporary Composition: The Major Pedagogical Theories.† Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. 233-48. Clifford, John. â€Å"The Subject in Discourse.† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 38-51. Jarratt, Susan, A. â€Å"Feminism and Composition: The Case for Conflict.† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 105-123. Sosnoski, James, J. â€Å"Postmodern Teachers in Their Postmodern Classrooms: SocratesBegone!† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 198-219. Structuring a Successful Composition Course Essay -- English Writing T Thinking about how I would structure my classroom for a composition course creates a dilemma for me. I had a great experience in my high school composition courses. I really responded to how it was taught and made a personal connection to the work I was doing. Originally, I wanted to model my classroom after the one I had loved so much. The readings I have done concerning postmodern techniques being used in a composition course have also seemed very appealing to me, but present a different classroom experience. James Berlin claims â€Å"in teaching writing we are tacitly teaching a version of reality and the student’s place and mode of operation in it† (235). Without dealing with the forces students are contending with I would be indoctrinating them with my own ideology and not teaching them the tools to understand and work with these systems for themselves. The problem is how can I reconcile these two teaching styles to fit into my version of a productive and successfu l classroom? The initial thing I would be concerned with when teaching a course such as this is how to get the students to want to do the work. I know that most kids do not want any part of schoolwork period, but how can I make the work interesting enough to get kids to at least have some kind of connection to their work? My first instinct would be to assign a short writing task with a few options for topics concerning the kids personal lives, family situations, or friends. James Sosnoski in his essay â€Å"Postmodern Teachers in Their Postmodern Classrooms: Socrates Begone!† attempts to create a series of writing assignments for his postmodern classroom. His first assignment would not be as concerned with the individuals issues, but he would have the students write about ... ...for my teaching is to teach my students to understand themselves and how they fit into the systems that affect their lives in so many ways. How I am going to go about doing that I have not figured out quite yet. Works Cited Althusser, Louis. â€Å"Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses.† Althusser, Lenin 127-86. Berlin, James A. â€Å"Contemporary Composition: The Major Pedagogical Theories.† Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1997. 233-48. Clifford, John. â€Å"The Subject in Discourse.† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 38-51. Jarratt, Susan, A. â€Å"Feminism and Composition: The Case for Conflict.† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 105-123. Sosnoski, James, J. â€Å"Postmodern Teachers in Their Postmodern Classrooms: SocratesBegone!† New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1991. 198-219.

Alchemist: Doubt and Perfect Disciple

Fatima Meeting Santiago- When I first met Santiago, there was something about him. I could not explain it then, and I doubt I ever will be able to. His eyes entrapped me, and he looked so gentle and sincere I could not help but smile! The way he looked at me was unlike anything else, it was almost as if he looked into my soul. We understood what the other was thinking without speaking any words. It was what the strange old man, the Alchemist was always talking about, the language of the world. Santiago Professing His Love- When he told me, I was shocked.So shocked I dropped the water vessel I was carrying. Stupidly, I thought how angry mother would be when she found out I got dirt on our water vase. Even though I knew I loved him from the first day we met, how could he be brave enough to say it aloud? This strange boy who believed in alchemy and Rim and Thumb, and who told me he loved me out of the blue, was everything I had been waiting for. I knew he had to find his treasure, and s o I told him I would wait for him, with hope and love. The Day He Left- The day Santiago left, was possibly the saddest day of my life.While I had told him I would look with hope, and that was true, I also looked with longing and desire. I missed him terribly, and it tortured me not knowing whether he missed me too. I put on a brave face for him, but inside I was reeling from the realization he may not come back. It was awful, and so I did not even bid him farewell on the day of his departure. I was worried I would drop the mask of bravery and independence and beg him to stay, and even worse he probably would. The Day He Returned- The day Santiago returned is one of the happiest days of my life.I looked to the desert as per usual, but I did not really expect him to be there. A few caravans had passed through before, but each one more disappointing than the last, because none of them came with Santiago. I was beginning to lose hope, and doubting if he would even come back at all. Per haps he had not found his treasure, or met a girl who had more to offer than me, a poor desert flower. The thought that tortured me the most, kept me from sleep, and made me pray even more than ever, was the possibility he had been caught in the middle of the tribal wars and died.But the day he returned I cried out with Joy, and ran into his welcoming arms. We were both finally at peace. The Alchemist My first impression of Santiago was bravery. He was young, but age is Just a number after all. So, when he read the sign of the hawks I thought maybe he could accompany me to the desert tomorrow. There, his training would begin. He could be the perfect disciple, after all. Santiago Finding Life in the Desert- Perhaps I was wrong. Finding life is usually one of the easiest tests I have in store for my students. Oh well, people are all different.Maybe he will fail the easy tests, but ace the difficult ones. If that even makes sense. The boy is different though. He seems to understand thi ngs that others are so blind to. As with the hawks, he can see what others cannot. Patience will have to be a virtue for me here. He said he does not even want to leave the oasis. I have never felt love for a woman, but I doubted it could be so strong you do not want to discover your Personal Legend Just so you are close to your significant other. This boy is definitely different from my other students, UT the perfect disciple?We shall see. Santiago Turning to Wind- I laughed. I laughed and laughed and laughed. Inside of course, I could not let the tribesmen know how overjoyed I was. You see, we alchemists have a reputation for being cool and calculating. But Oh how my heart soared! The perfect disciple, at last. He understood the Soul of the World! I was amazed and so proud. What a wonderful experience, listening in on their conversation. The desert and I are good friends, but when the Father himself Joined in it was absolutely delightful. Finally, the perfect disciple.Santiago Rea ction to Turning Lead to Gold- His expression was quite amusing. I think he doubted I could actually do it. Of course, I could turn myself into the wind, but I could not make gold. He asked if he could do that, but unfortunately for him, that is my Personal Legend. He understood, and I could see the excitement, the fireworks Just waiting to go off when I spoke of Personal Legends. I knew he was waiting for the Pyramids, so it was time for me to say goodbye to the one perfect disciple. What a sad day it was.

The Life and Literature of F Scott Fitzgerald

ABOUT THE AUTHOR The Life and Literature of F. Scott Fitzgerald By Jillian Thompson May 16, 2012. English newspaper, The Guardian, once asked Jonathan Franzen, the Pulitzer Prize nominated author of The Corrections, to contribute what he believed were the greatest rules to abide by for aspiring fiction writers. His response was â€Å"Fiction that isn't an author's personal adventure into the frightening or the unknown isn't worth writing for anything but money† (Franzen). The novels of Francis Scott Fitzgerald suggest that he would agree wholeheartedly with Franzen.In his Notebooks, Fitzgerald wrote, â€Å"There never was a good biography of a good novelist. There couldn’t be. He’s too many people if he’s any good† (Fitzgerald 61). Fictionalizing emotions and backgrounds are an unparalleled resource to writers, and some of the greatest stories in literature have grown from the personal lives of novelists. Dickens’ David Copperfield, Hemingway ’s A Farewell To Arms, and Kerouac’s On the Road are famed illustrations of autofiction techniques, featuring a protagonist that has been modeled after the author, and a central plotline that mirrors the events of their lives.A close examination of the known facts of Scott Fitzgerald’s life is enough to establish that there is a profound relationship between his personal dispositions and the subject matter of his novels. It is also fair to conclude that he was deeply concerned with class, wealth, and their effect on the corruption of â€Å"The American Dream. † The novels and short stories of Scott Fitzgerald are documents that illustrate the hazy and glamorous Jazz Age, and had Fitzgerald’s own life been any less hazy and glamorous, some of America’s greatest literature may not have come to pass. THE LIFE OF SCOTT FITZGERALDFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born September 24th, 1896 in St Paul, Minnesota, the only son to middle class parents , Edward and Mary Fitzgerald. His parents instilled him with a fear of failure, and an obsession with wealth that would haunt his life’s ambitions. At an early age, he proved himself an imaginative and talented writer, and despite some academic struggles, he was accepted to Princeton in 1913. Intent on following his family’s advice, Fitzgerald dedicated himself to the pursuit of social and intellectual attainments, the path he believed would lead him to fame and fortune.He joined any extracurricular activity that he believed would increase his social standing on campus, but the beginning of WWI put an end to any possible fruition of his efforts. He left Princeton for the army in 1917, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan in Montgomery, Alabama, where he began work on a novella called The Romantic Egotist. It was also there that he met the woman who would change the course of his life forever. Her name was Zelda Sayre, the â€Å"golden girl†, and in her, Fitzgerald met his match in both ambition and extravagance.They had a whirlwind romance, but in the summer of 1919, Zelda grew tired of waiting for his success, and ended their relationship. Devastated by her rejection, he moved back to St. Paul, more determined than ever to become rich enough to win Zelda back. He rewrote The Romantic Egotist and in a letter to his publisher wrote, â€Å"I have so many things dependent on its success—including of course a girl† (Bryer and Barks 149). In 1920 This Side of Paradise was published. The novel was an overnight sensation with postwar youth, and two weeks later Fitzgerald and Zelda were married.They became the icons of success and youth, the first â€Å"it† couple if there ever was one, but the tumultuous beginning of their relationship never quite faded away. He and Zelda lived far outside their means, and Fitzgerald continually sunk into debt. Zelda’s impulsiveness, once interpreted as charming, had become erratic, and emotionally draining for Fitzgerald and his writing suffered. While living in Europe, Zelda overdosed on sleeping pills, and flung herself down a flight of stairs in a jealous fit. Fitzgerald had Zelda institutionalized, and she was diagnosed with schizophrenia.Fitzgerald’s dream of his muse had become a nightmare, and he worked through his emotions the way he always had, through writing, and Tender is the Night was the result. Fitzgerald died of a heart attack in 1940, while writing his final novel, The Last Tycoon. Zelda died not long after, locked in a room awaiting treatment as the sanitarium set fire. They are buried together, with a shared headstone that quotes the final words of Fitzgerald’s masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. â€Å"So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past† (172). FITZGERALD AND THE JAZZ AGEPerhaps the most vivid and poetic character of any Fitzgerald novel is â€Å"The Jazz Age† itself. The histori cal backdrop of the glamorous world of Flappers and speakeasies that’s envisioned when one thinks of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, make the perfect canvas for Fitzgerald to place his characters, who share Fitzgerald’s own conflicted feelings on Jazz Age morals. The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise both center on the theme of love warped by status seeking. They can be read as harsh criticisms of 1920s America, and its disintegration during an era defined by material excess.With the end of WWI the American economy soared and brought about an era, from 1920-1931, which was marked by unprecedented national wealth and prosperity. The rise of the stock market and the shock of the war left America with a generation that compensated for the chaos by creating a society centered on materialism. People began to spend and consume like never before. The conservatism and modest values of Victorian society that marked the previous generation were too suffocating for the y outh who grew up fast during the â€Å"Great Crusade. A person from any background now had the opportunity to earn a fortune, especially if they were helping to supply the demand for bootleg liquor, such as Jay Gatsby was. But this giddiness was short lived, and after the stock market crash, those that had enjoyed the rapid succession from penniless to millionaire as a bootlegger, quickly lost everything as the economy crumbled. Even before the stock market crash, Fitzgerald portrayed the decay of the Jazz Age as the self-consuming society of excess that couldn’t possibly be sustained through its greed and cynicism. Fitzgerald always idolized the luxurious lifestyle of the rich.As the Fitzgerald’s fame rose in the early 1920s, he found himself slowly being seduced by the opulence of his newfound life. But despite the excitement of his new life, Fitzgerald struggled with the mixed feelings of hypocrisy associated with falling in love with a girl who was everything heâ €™d ever dreamed of, but who led him toward the materialism he had once despised. Fitzgerald developed his characters as representations of these inner conflicts. Arthur Mizener, Fitzgerald’s most noted biographer, wrote that Fitzgerald’s work so perfectly defined the Jazz Age because Fitzgerald nfused both sides of himself into what Mizener called â€Å"the middle-western Trimalchio and the spoiled priest† (297). The symbol of the green light on Daisy Buchanan’s dock in The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald’s hope for the future, but also the awareness that it may never be realized. Writing The Great Gatsby allowed Fitzgerald to confront his feelings on the superficiality of his world and its inhabitants. Even the title The Great Gatsby is a reflection on the Jazz Age as a masterful illusion. THE AUTHOR AND THE HERO The heart of any study on Scott Fitzgerald is of course his work.However, Fitzgerald wrote only about himself and the people and places with which he was familiar, therefore his life and his work are inextricably bound together. â€Å"There were four or five Zeldas and at least eight Scotts,† as James Thurber once put it in his book Credos and Curios, â€Å"so that their living room was forever tense with the presence of a dozen desperate personalities, even when they were alone in it. Some of these Fitzgeralds’ were characters out of a play or a novel, which made the lives of the multiple pair always theatrical, sometimes unreal, and often badly overacted† (63).In fact, reading This Side of Paradise is like reading a biography of Fitzgerald. A young man from the Midwest serves in the army, falls in love with a rich socialite, and they break up, leading him to search for success by any means available. Jay Gatsby and Amory Blaine, the young dandy protagonists of The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise, pursue and glorify wealth to win the affections of the woman they love, much like F itzgerald himself did to win Zelda Sayre.Gatsby and Blaine are perpetually romantic adolescents whose lives are based on the mistaken idea that enough money and fame can keep the love and beauty of the past crystallized forever. The romanticism of Gatsby and Blaine, which at first rises above the frivolity Fitzgerald associated with Jazz Age society, eventually disintegrates to unveil the corruption wealth causes. The Great Gatsby’s narrator, Nick Carraway, is a young man from the Midwest with an Ivy League education, exactly like Fitzgerald.Nick’s background makes him an ideal narrator because he is able to see past Gatsby’s superficialities to the man underneath. Fitzgerald uses Nick to express his opinion that an ideal based on a materialistic foundation is a self-defeating and ultimately destructive goal. Then lastly, there’s the girl. The object of all-consuming affection. Fitzgerald’s muse for his female protagonist was of course his wife, Ze lda. In fact, she was more than just a muse. After sharing her personal diaries with Fitzgerald, he used verbatim quotes to write the character of Rosalind Connage in This Side of Paradise.He wrote, â€Å"all criticism of Rosalind ends in her beauty† (Bryer and Barks 201) and told Zelda â€Å"the heroine does resemble you in more ways than four† (230). Like Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby, Zelda never took to motherhood and was never particularly domestic. According to Fitzgerald’s Notebooks, the famous line from The Great Gatsby, â€Å"I hope she'll be a fool–that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool† (Fitzgerald 22), is based on what Zelda said after her daughter, Scottie, was born. The most accurate portrayal of Zelda is most likely in Tender is the Night, Fitzgerald’s last completed novel.This is a story of a man of almost limitless potential who makes the fatal decision to marry a beautiful but mental ly ill woman, and who ultimately sinks into despair and alcoholism when their doomed marriage fails. He wrote it about their time in Europe, and the Lost Generation community of writers, a term coined by Fitzgerald’s close friend Ernest Hemmingway to describe those who came of age during World War 1, including Gertrude Stein, T. S Eliot and Waldo Peirce. In the novel, he chronicled the decline of Zelda’s mental health, and his discovery that she would never return to the way she was.The Zelda in this novel not was the glorified beauty of This Side of Paradise or The Great Gatsby, and she a wrote a semi-autobiographical account of her own as a form of revenge against Fitzgerald after their marriage dissolved. After she was committed, Fitzgerald wrote in his Notebook, â€Å"In an odd way, perhaps incredible to you, she was always my child (it was not reciprocal as it often is in marriages) †¦ I was her great reality, often the only liaison agent who could make the world tangible to her† (478). â€Å"SO WE BEAT ON†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald, 172)The beginning of The Great Gatsby is prefaced by a poem written by a fictional character from This Side of Paradise. It reads, Then wear the gold hat, if that will move her; If you can bounce high, bounce for her too, Till she cry ‘Lover, gold-hatted, high-bouncing lover, I must have you! (6) If the words of Jonathan Franzen are true, then it can be assumed that Fitzgerald’s greatest adventure into the unknown was his relationship with Zelda. Their relationship became the basis of his life’s work, which made him one of the greatest storytellers American literature has known to date.