Experiment: The Dumb Jock

There were two groups in their experiment. The experimental group was exposed to hints of negative stereotypes through a questionnaire before the examination while the control was exposed to the negative stereotypes after the test. The questionnaire brought to their attention the possibility that they may have been given special treatment and considerations due to the fact that they are athletes. Somehow, the experiment proved that there is a negative correlation between the exposure of the athletes to negative stereotypes and their performance in taking tests.More exposure to negative stereotypes brought lower scores while less exposure to these stereotypes brought higher scores. For the experimental group, it is possible that answering the questionnaire that exposed them to the dumb Jock stereotype lowered their self-regard that led them to getting low test results. The questionnaire gave them the idea that they are only accepted in the university because of their athletic skills a nd not because of their academic skills.With this kind of thinking, they might have exerted less effort in nswering the questions of the test because they do not believe that they will get a high grade. He might probably think that the societys expectations regarding his test scores won't be high and that he, himself, is led to believe that he is accepted in the university as an athlete rather than a student. Similar to the placebo effect, the subject immerses himself to the popular belief and concept of a dumb Jock that might have led him to flunk the test unconsciously when he was given the idea through the questionnaire.The dumb Jock stereotype probably started when the people performing well in thletics happened to be less educated because they spend most of their time honing their athletic abilities rather than their mental abilities. Because of this, people expected less from these athletes and these athletes tend to cling unto mediocrity and expect special considerations beca use of their situation. I think the athletes, themselves, try to fit their description to the society's norms. This observation came from years of experience in an NCAA school where a large portion of the population is comprised of athletes.Although IVe seen some who perform well n academics and athletics, it cannot be denied that there are lots of student-athletes who refuse to exert more effort into their academics simply because they think it is not expected of them to do so. In my past school, they nave tried to explain to us now there are several kinds ot smarts and that each and every one of us simply has our own fortes. I think that what's important is that they are reminded that they are good students who happen to play for the school and not athletes who are required to study while they play.Not only does this straighten their focus, but they are also given the idea that they are accepted as a student not as an athlete. There were instances wherein prestigious schools rejec ted great athletes not because they weren't good enough in their field of sports but because they weren't able to pass the entrance examination. It is important for them to know that they are in their position not entirely because of their athletic prowess but because they are students first and that representing the school comes second.

The Use of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity

MT Chapter2: The usage of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity This chapter will look at the history and application of usage, throughout Ancient Times, of the Golden Numbers, such as Phi, the Fibonacci Sequence. It will analyze the different topographic points that they were used, by the ancients and their grounds for utilizing these mathematical systems. Doczi, 1981, examines the significance of Golden Numbers to different peoples throughout history. He pays specific attending to Proportional Harmonies, within architecture. reference1a In Wiltshire, England, around an estimated YEARSAGO, SH mention an astoundingly unbelievable memorial was built. Believed to be a calendar, of kinds ; a topographic point of religious and spiritual significance ; or perchance a compass, this construction possesses geometry affecting Golden Numbers excessively. reference1a One of the other first recorded utilizations, of these peculiar figure systems, can be traced back to the early yearss of Freemasonry and the architecture of their Masonic Temple, in PLACE. The Freemasons call themselves a Brotherhood ; and Masonic Halls and Lodges can be found all over the universe. On a corner rock of the Masonic Hall in Halifax, Canada, it can be seen that two different day of the months are inscribed upon one of the corner-stones. These two day of the months, 1875, and 5875, seem to propose that the Masons believe that their society dates back every bit far as 4000bce. reference1 In Manly P. Hall, 1973, he discusses the evident likely-hood that the Ancient Egyptians had the most knowledge about the scientific disciplines of nature. Hall goes on to state us that Steinmetz, 1976, provinces: â€Å" Regardless of the beginning of the modern Lodge, or of the name â€Å" Freemason, † we can, after liberating the symbolism of modern versions, discern in Freemasonry the lineation of the instructions of the ancient enigmas of Egypt. † mention Manly P. Hall Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians A statement by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst in â€Å" The Meaning of Masonry † , 1922, reads: â€Å" I am acquainted, for case, with an Egyptian ceremony system, some 5,000 old ages old, which taught exactly the same things as Masonry does, †¦ † cite The Meaning of Masonry, by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst This shows us that Freemasonry was a portion of Ancient Egyptian civilization and besides shows that these accomplishments and â€Å" Secret Knowledge † have been passed down from ascendants, 1000s of old ages ago. Investigating Steinmetz, shows us that the Masons are taught that their secret-knowledge has been passed down by generation-after-generation of their brotherhood ‘s members since the clip of the, legendary as yet unfound sunken, metropolis of Atlantis. mention Freemasonry Its Hidden Meaning, by George H. Steinmetz Arpat, 2004, discusses the usage of these Golden Numbers and sequences in architecture throughout both the Islamic, Ottoman and Christian Empires. Besides he draws loop to the fact that the really same rules and techniques are still used in architecture today. reference1 In 1861 a certain Mr. William Preston, past maestro of the Lodge of Antiquity, wrote â€Å" Instruction manuals of Masonry † . In this book he draws attending to the significance and significance of geometry, to the George masons: â€Å" Geometry or Masonry originally synonymous footings, is of a Godhead and moral nature and enriched with the most utile cognition: whilst is proves the fantastic belongingss of nature, it demonstrates the more of import truth of morality. † reference2 This grounds shows that geometry and the Golden Numbers are per se linked with spiritualty, faith and morality, for many different civilizations. Today, the Masons continue to up-hold their belief that the architectural techniques and methods that they teach to their Members should be kept as a reverent secret from the general populace. It is no accident that their most important and recognizable insignia has a missive â€Å" G † as its cardinal characteristic. It can be seen that a capital â€Å" G † has a similar form as the Fibonacci Spiral. reference1 A really old book, Leader Scott ‘s 1899 issue of â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † , clarifies portion of the ground that the Freemasons had such an influential consequence upon the edifice of churches, throughout history. He describes how a peculiar group of people known as â€Å" Liberi Muratori † , who lived near Como, Italy around 643ce were formed. Once this cabal began to turn in Numberss, they were sent out, across the universe, to learn, construct and enroll new members. They shortly became a big and organized society of designers, sculpturers, and professionals of humanistic disciplines and trades. This proliferation of their joint cognition bled into every group of society that they came upon. Scott goes on to depict that there were edicts from the Catholic Church, in Rome, to protect any members of the Freemasons ‘ Brotherhood, in any Catholic state that they might be in. These apostolic bulls besides allowed the Masons to work, without competition from local rivals, in their several field of expertness. This left control of architecture design, of churches, entirely to the Masons who ever followed the set forms, rules, and sequences which were laid down before them, by their hereditary Mason brothers. mention â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † Further grounds of important geometric forms can be found in Islamic Mosques, all over the universe. One of the most notable illustrations of this is the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. This monumental construction was built, between 532ce – 537ce, in what was so known as Constantinople. Byzantine Emperor, Justinian the Great commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and the Elder Isidore of Miletus, who hailed from Western Anatolia, to construct this construction as a Church. reference1 These two figures were non known as designers, instead, Isidore was referred to as a Professor of Geometry and Mechanics, whilst Anthemius was thought of as a Mathematician and a Physicist. The common term that was used for their place, as builders of this memorial, was â€Å" mechanikoi † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php? listingID=6 Anthemius was left to plan and bring forth the architectural drawings of this church, whilst Isidorus was in charge of the existent building of the edifice. It is interesting to observe that although the Hagia Sophia was built as a church, in the sixth century Ce, today it is used as a museum, but for about five hundred old ages, after the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, it served as a mosque, for the so Islamic officeholders. The Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Istanbul holds a papers drawn up by a Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, in which he includes exact programs of the Hagia Sophia. With the aid of his helper, Ahmet Alptekin, he was able to detect that Phi had been explicitly used through-out the whole design of the Hagia Sophia. reference1 The figure below, shows an illustration of these geometrical forms, which have been used, in the interior infinite of the Hagia Sophia. Diagram1 This illustration of ancient architecture demonstrates the usage of Golden Numbers, within edifice building, absolutely. Another first-class illustration of this is the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYa. This sacredly important construction is besides found in Istanbul. Constructed around 1471ce the Grecian builder besides appears to hold used the same unit of length, as was used in the design and building of the Haga Sophia. This â€Å" Byzantine Foot † would now, in today ‘s universe, be seen as being 31.23centimetres long. It was divided into 16 â€Å" Fingers † and a metallic rod of this length, believed to hold been used by Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, and besides before him the Ottomans, has been preserved in the TopkapA ± Museum of Istanbul. Arpat, 2004, describes how with his helper, he measured the precise dimensions of the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYas ‘ exterior breadth of the Mosque ( without porch ) , the thickness of the walls, the doors and the country around the main-entrance. With these measurings he was able to demo that, one time once more, the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Spiral had been major factors involved with bring forthing the architecture of the full edifice. reference1 Diagrams2 In Greece itself, the most good known edifice in Athens is the Parthenon. This testament to the inventiveness of the Ancient Greeks is yet another illustration of where the Golden Ratio is used repeatedly, in about all facets of its design. Built around 440ce, Pythagorean Geometry, every bit good as the Fibonacci Sequence can be seen to hold been utilised in the nucleus of its architectural design. reference4 Feuilles de Delphes, Topografi et Architecture Releves et Restaurations par K. Gottlob, Paris 1925, holds the ground-plans for the Parthenon, Rodos discusses these programs in his book, The Secret of Ancient Geometry and its Use ( Vol. 2, 1967 ) analyses these programs and describes the prolific usage of these sequences, in the design of the Parthenon ‘s ground-plan. reference5 The front-facade of the Parthenon besides displays many charactistics, which use the Golden Ratio. The diagram below shows this: reference6 Diagram3 In England, Golden Numbers can be found in the architecture of many churches. One illustration of this is Vere Street Anglican Church, London. Built in 1721, architects AyAYe and Nigel Walding from Derby, fastidiously measured every dimension of the church. Arpat, in his 2004 book, sets down the process that AyAYe and Nigel would hold used to make this:Draw line AB = 636 † ( 1615.122cm )Pull a line AC = 4/3 tens ABPull a half circle around BC and a perpendicular from A until D.AD == 734.39 † ( =1865 centimeter ; Diff. 1cm )Pull a half circle A withR= AD until intersection E. AE = 734.39 †Extend AE by 1/5, grade point F.Pull a half circle around AF, grade intersection G ;EG == 328.429 † This is the breadth of the cardinal nave ( = 834.05cm )Divide the interior length in five equal subdivisions ; these are the breadth of the bays:734.392 / 5 = 146.878 † , mark point H.Halve the cardinal nave, grade point K ; HK = 164.215 †Extend HK by 5/7 tens HK, grade point L.Pull a half circle around LK and a perpendicular from H until intersection M.Draw an discharge around H withR= HM until intersection N.HN = HM = EG == 138.787 † ( = 352.75cm ) This is the breadth of the side naves. The interior breadth of the church is: 2 ten 138.787 † + 328.429 † = 606 † , as measured ( 1538.94cm ) reference1 The diagram below should be used as a mention for the instructions, quoted above.Diagram4 This subject of Christians utilizing Golden Numbers, in architecture, can besides be seen in St. Johannes Basilica, in Catholic Berlin, Germany. This illustration was built in 1897 by designer August Menken, who was besides involved with the building of some of the other of import churches, in Berlin. Once once more it is mostly in the land floor program, that the Fibonacci Sequence can be found. Diagram5 It can besides be shown that the radius of the handbill wall behind the communion table, and the relationship between the communion table, the columns and doors to the street, all involve the Golden Ratio. Diagram6 It is widely understood that architectural techniques have been passed down through coevalss, and dispersed through other civilizations, by trade paths as they appeared in the Middle Ages. Equally good as this, the spread of Freemasonry and other spiritual cabals has contributed greatly to the addition in similar methods of architecture, in different parts of the World. Originally, it seems that, the forms and designs used were created utilizing nature as inspiration. In the modern universe of scientific discipline we are able to more closely, and more accurately, examine nature ‘s artifacts, and it has been seen that these specific figure sequences ( like the Fibonacci Spiral ) can be found about everyplace. reference7 Knocks, H. and Arch, M. ( 2007 ) discourse the findings of the Ancient Greek Thinker, Plato. Plato describes different sets of proportions, stating: â€Å" the three-term proportion as indispensable cognition, the cognition through which the head is able to grok the universe. † reference8 Plato claimed that utilizing the methods to happen the mean of a three-term proportion, such as a/b = b/c, ( which is most normally used by designers ) , an apprehension of the Torahs that govern the creative activity of all things can be formed. A two-term proportion can be expressed as: As shown antecedently, in this papers, this is the Aureate Proportion. reference9 These Golden Numbers, sequences and forms are likely most noticeable in sacredly important edifices because big architectural undertakings have, more frequently than non, been commissioned by spiritual groups. Religions have, historically, possessed the largest sum of financess for such projects. It is common cognition that faiths have many secrets, in order to protect their cognition of the universe, they would merely let certain people to go toilet to facets, such as their architectural techniques and methods. Religion has ever been the pillar for the guidelines and regulations, of different societies. Taxes upon the general population, connected with a peculiar spiritual edifice, were common in yearss gone-by. Both in the signifier of offerings to divinities, and payments for ( as Christians might state ) â€Å" shepherding their flock † , goods, money and nutrient points were, and still are, normally given to these spiritual ‘benefactors ‘ . This is how the Church and other spiritual cultural leaders harnessed the largest sums of power and money, in whole lands and across continents. Ancient Grecian times seem to be an exclusion. It has been documented that here, most of the â€Å" Thinkers † , in Ancient Greece, focused their attendings upon mathematics and lay-down our first Torahs, instructions and regulations, which govern the universes of scientific discipline, technology and the existence. These early Mathematicians and Structural Engineers were largely taught at UNIVERSITY NAME, in Egypt, where they were able to analyze many edifices which were already 1000s of old ages old. reference10 Noteworthy Greek Thinker, and Mathematician, Pythagoras, was taught in many Egyptian Temples, like NameOfTemple. He was besides a Mason and so when he returned home, it was prohibited for him to relay the secret direction that he had been taught in Egypt, to anyone else. Pythagoras taught along different avenues of geometry and instructed â€Å" non-initiated Grecian pupils † in this new methodological analysis. reference11 Schwaller de Lubicz, in his 1981 publication, was able to animate the attack that Pythagoras used in using his geometric methods to architecture. These two tomes, The Temple of Man, discuss Pythagorean Theorems in great item, nevertheless they do non dig profoundly into the â€Å" Lost Knowledge of the Ancient Egyptians † it is necessary to analyze other resources to derive this information. mention â€Å" The Temple of Man † . It is widely recognised that the Christian Bible has been translated many times, from and into many different linguistic communications. Translations can seldom be exact and the significance of certain phrases is frequently lost during transition, from one linguistic communication into another. One illustration of this is at the beginning of the Gospel of St John, in the King James Version, 1611. This book, of the Bible, starts with the line: reference9 â€Å" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and Word was God. † mention King James Bible, Gospel of Saint John As Knocks and Arch, 2007, explain: â€Å" The transcriber, working in the clip of King James, chose to utilizewordfor the Greek ‘logos ‘ .Sonsimplies an active rule and would be more accurately translated as ‘verb ‘ . What, so, is the word, or verb, of which St John has written? Harmonizing to the anthropocosmic apprehension, it can merely be the fantastic transforming power of Phi ( ? ¤ ) , the Golden Proportion. † reference9

Need for Social Networking Sites Research Paper

Need for Social Networking Sites - Research Paper Example Social networking sites provide very effective opportunities for people to associate, communicate and interact in the most appropriate way. It is a way of sharing interests, connections, and real-life connections. The online community across the world has been rising exponentially in the recent years as many people join the bandwagon (McFedries, 63). Initially, the aspect of social networking was basically associated with young people who needed the platform to share information and interact. Most online community services are group-centered and allow the profile holders to conduct a wide range of activities online. The need for social networking sites has arisen out of the increasingly globalized world which creates the need for people to interact despite the limitations created by distance and time. In the same way, the conventional communications methods do not provide an interactive platform for the association. In this regard, the need for the social networking sites gradually developed. The growth in information technology also provided a good ground for the development of these sites as people became more engaged in Internet-based activities. Through social networking sites, it is possible for people to reconnect with their old schoolmates and share a lot of information on the past and the present. The aspect of age is the refore greatly eliminated as a limitation in the context of the interaction. While the majority of the online networking sites are mostly associated with people of young ages, the sites are actually very important for an aging population. Most developed countries like Japan and Switzerland are increasingly facing the challenges of an aging population.  

The Impact of Good Corporate Governance in Internal Control Essay

The Impact of Good Corporate Governance in Internal Control - Essay Example As result, nowadays, the corporate governance has a significant role to the companies to escape from failures in collapses or fraud. However, the discovery and prevention of fraud are significant challenges facing the business environment. Therefore, the ways in which companies' deals with fraud may enhance either the internal control and independent internal auditor or the need for forensic accounting. The forensic accounting is increasing in many organizations to identify situation, systems and security weaknesses by design and advise measure to reduce and limited inherent risk in the organization. The Enron and WorldCom in the US corporate collapses and fraud shook the foundation of the financial system and corporate governance, therefore; regulators in the U.S reform corporate governance by established the Sarbanes-Oxley act in June 2002 and Cadbury in the UK, in 1992, which now combine code. This assignment will illustrate the impact of good corporate governance in internal cont rol and internal auditing function to prevent fraud and detection. 2. Corporate governance and the prevention of fraud and detection Through the decades, the increase of the complexity of organizational activities have resulted to the increase of the difficulty of their control.   However, a mechanism should be also established ensuring that the rules and the guidelines included in the firm’s corporate governance scheme are followed. In any case, the value of the corporate governance as a framework for preventing fraud and defection across the organization cannot be doubted. This view is analytically explained below referring primarily to the main aspects and the role of corporate governance as a strategic tool for monitoring the progress of the organization in regard to its aims and mission; at the next level, the role of corporate governance in preventing fraud is presented explaining the challenges and the benefits of the involvement of corporate governance in such activity. 2.1 Corporate governance – role and characteristics Different approaches can be used in order to explain the role of corporate governance in modern organizations. In accordance with Anand (2007) corporate governance is a framework that ‘incorporates almost every aspe ct of corporate life’ (Anand 2007, p.77); however, it is explained that in its common form, the corporate governance framework consists of rules that aim to protect the interests of the firm’s shareholders (Anand 2007). On the other hand, Du Plessis et al. (2010) note that the term ‘corporate governance’ can incorporate many elements; among these elements two are considered to be the most important: the promotion of the interests of the shareholders and ‘the regulation/ monitoring of the corporate conduct’ (Du Plessis et al. 2010, p.10).  

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Research Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Research Paper Example Therefore, the overall coursework of the research incorporates a qualitative research approach through analyzing different scholarly based articles, peer-reviewed journals and governmental reports in order to evidently justify the impact of financial crisis in Qatar and other GCC countries. The findings of the research identifies that the financial performance of Qatar and other GCC countries were significantly affected. The real estate and construction industries belonging to most of the GCC countries were highly affected by the US financial recession 2007-2009. However, the conventional investment system along with the lower exposure to sub-prime assets has helped the GCC nations to avert financial risks from the crisis. Table of Contents Abstract 2 2 1. Introduction-Background 4 2. Literature Review 4 3. Research Objectives and Research Questions 7 4. Research Design 9 5. Data Collection and Analysis 10 5.1 Data Collection 10 5.2 Analysis 10 6. Ethical Consideration 11 7. Analysis 12 8. Conclusion 15 References 16 1. Introduction-Background The invasion of the last financial crisis 2007-2009 has been ever considered to impose considerable impact on the economic conditions of global nations. The crisis that took during the period 2007 to 2009 had considerably affected the global economy and made dramatic changes to the financial conditions throughout diverse regions of the globe. The global financial turmoil had radically impacted most numbers of the developed countries across different regions of the world. During the financial turmoil period, the countries associated within Golf Council Corporation (GCC) have also been experienced to get affected in terms of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate along with annual consumer inflation rate (Nanto & et.al, 2008). With reference to the major consequences that experienced by the GCC nations, the research report tends to critically assess the major factors affecting the financial condition and analyze thei r radical implications that devastated the economic position of the GCC countries. The report also tends to conduct literature analysis through highlighting major economic theories, historical influences and assumptions relating to the invasion of the economic crisis during the period 2007 to 2009. 2. Literature Review In relation to determine the severe impact of the last financial crisis 2007-2009, numerous researches and analyses have been made concerning the identification and assessing the consequences of the influencing factors that led towards the last financial crisis 2007-2009. Various literatures depict number of issues that significantly define the root cause of financial crisis along with their potential implications that further led the GCC countries to experience radical changes in their respective economic conditions. Therefore, the literature review section would be incorporated with analyzing various scholarly based articles, reports and internet related sources alo ng with their findings in order to evaluate the major impact of financial crisis on the GCC regions. According to the observation of Cozzi (2009), the aspects including low household saving rates along

Mentoring programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Mentoring programs - Research Paper Example This particular kind of social work intervention is followed with similar programs all over the world. Both individuals and organizations involved in monitoring are supported with such organizations as MENTOR/National Mentoring Partnership and the National Mentoring Center. Furthermore, numerous corporations sponsor large-scale monitoring initiatives, which involve their employees. Mentoring programs are also supported by the government; in 2003 alone President George W. Bush donated half a billion dollars for two new mentoring initiatives (DuBois and Karcher, 2005). Recently, mentoring has been approved as a serious approach to rehabilitate criminal offenders and reduce rates of recidivism. Mentoring has appeared in several legislation documents, from the Reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of 1992 to the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Block Grant of 2005-2006 (Walker, 2007). In the reauthorization of the original document, the Congress added a part G, in which mentoring was described as a useful tool for addressing juvenile delinquency. Since 1995, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) has administered its own federal program, the Juvenile Mentoring Program (JUMP), designed to reduce juvenile delinquency, gang participation and school dropout rates. However, while the field of youth mentoring experiences enormous growth in terms of practice, it still lacks theoretical foundations and research, crucial for further growth and development (DuBois and Karcher, 2005). It was not until recent years that youth mentoring has gained interest from psychologists, sociologists, educators, human development specialists and social workers. While the multidisciplinary character of youth mentoring may be beneficial for the field's knowledge base, it also poses a significant challenge for both researchers and practitioners. Due to the disciplinary boundaries which limit researchers' regular exposure to their colleagues work, it may result difficult to identify opportunities for synergy within and across different areas for inquiry. Consequently, in many cases they can go undetected and unexplored (DuBois and Karcher, 2005). In terms of practice, the difficulty in acquiring "one-stop shopping" for definitive accounts and its implications may res ult in a compromised capacity for intervention and policy efforts to benefit from available theory and research.Given all these concerns, it is crucial for scholars to provide the fast-expanding and progressing practice of youth mentoring with both theoretical foundations and research base. Furthermore, in the light of a recent increase in juvenile violence and high recidivism rates, it is essential to design appropriate measures of prevention, treatment and control of crime (Cord, Widom and Crowell, 2001). The FBI data reveal that in 2001 juveniles comprised 17% of all arrests and 15% of those that involved violent crime. In many cases criminal activity in adolescence leads to such consequences in adult life as homelessness, substance abuse, and mental illness. Moreover, each juvenile offender that becomes a recidivist costs society approximately $1.7 to $ 2.3 million, not to mention great economic, medical, physical and psychological consequences for

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White Noise and Movie, Revolutionary Road(dir. Sam Mendes)2008 - Essay Example Each of these themes is used to create a question of the family life and the identity that is a part of this. More specifically, both authors show that the illusions that are a part of white suburbia create problems and complications of living life, specifically because of the desire to reach the American dream. One of the main focuses of both the novel and movie that are presented is the idea of family life. However, each of these presents an illusion of what it means to life in a middle class, white family as a part of suburbia. In both works, there is an ideal that the family life and suburbia is able to create a picture perfect representation of the American dream. For instance, at the beginning of White Noise, the author states â€Å"The well – made faces and wry looks. They feel a sense of renewal, of communal recognition. The women crisp and alert, in diet trim, knowing people’s names. Their husbands content to measure out the time, distant but ungrudging, accomplished in parenthood, something about them suggesting massive insurance coverage† (DeLillo, 3). This opening statement is a presentation of the American white family that lives in suburbia and keeps up a specific impression about family life. In this statement, the author creates an understanding of the identity of suburbia, consumerism that is at the center of the family and the representation of family life. While this particular ideal is set in both the movie and the book, there is also a question of the truth of this identity. The American dream that is pictured in both the book and the movie becomes problematic when the family life is led to illusions that have an undertone of problems. In White Noise this is presented by the husband, Jack, who has been married five times with several children. The main problem arises when the illusion of suburbia and the American dream can no longer present real life.

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Wal-Mart.com Case Study - Essay Example Given that a large number of Wal-Mart’s regular customers would get used purchasing various items online, the number of customers who will be dropping by Wal-Mart store outlets would eventually decrease. The shift from traditional shopping to online shopping will enable the company to cut down the number of its employee which will reduce its customer-borne transaction costs. Yes. In general, the use of web-site services and Wal-Mart’s decision to close a deal with Fingerhut Business Services and Books-a-Million enables the company to reduce its operational costs. (Zellner, 1999) Given that Fingerhut Business Services and Books-a-Million has the expertise on distributing the customers’ orders directly to their home (Zellner, 1999), there is a lesser chance for Wal-Mart to have serious problems related with the transportation of goods from the warehouse straight to its customer’s home. Aside from the huge reduction on the cost of operations, the fact that Wal-Mart announced its plan to expand its online store service will enable the company to have take advantage of economies-of-scale. Since the company has already invested on Wal-Mart.com, expansion of its online store offerings is expected to open new business opportunities for Wal-Mart. Since Wal-Mart will be able to save a lot of money from operational costs, the company will have the competitive advantage of being able to offer consumer products at a discounted price. Yes. It is most likely that Wal-Mart will capture the value created by Wal-Mart.com. Since the website is accessible 24/7, the use of Wal-Mart.com can reach millions of people around the world. For this reason, more people in other countries will be able to acknowledge the brand Wal-Mart. As soon as Wal-Mart has already dominated the domestic market, the management behind Wal-Mart will have to start expanding its business in the international market. This can be done by establishing several

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Geography Discuss how the writings of Henri Lefebvre have influenced geographers understaning of the modern city which has been persistently shped by the spaces - Essay Example y of Consciousness (1925), Morceaux choises de Karl Marx (1934), Morceaux choises de Hegel (1938), L’Existentialisme (1946), Knowledge and Social Criticism, Philosophic Thought in France and the USA (1950), Introduction to Modernity: Twelve Preludes (1962), Dialectical Materialism (1968), Evolution or Revolution (1974), Toward a Leftist Cultural Politics: Remarks Occasioned by the Centenary of Marx’s Death (1988), The Critique of Everyday Life (1991) and Writings on Cities published posthumously in 1996. It was through the translation and wide distribution of Dialectical Materialism that he became known worldwide as the father of the dialectic yet has also been hailed as the pioneer of critiques of the city and the ‘spatial turn’ in theory. Following World War II, Lefebvre was greatly impacted by the depression of the people around him who felt alienated from the new forms of work in the newly industrialized nation as well as by the new bureaucratic institutions of civil society. His writings exploring the ideas of Marx and Hegel were burned by the Vichy Regime during World War II and he was persecuted as a Communist sympathizer following the war. It wasn’t until the 1960s that he finally found a position as a professor at a school called Nanterre back in Paris where he was able to continue his work into the study of the cities. â€Å"Nanterre provided an environment in which he developed his critique of the alienation of modern city life which was obscured by the mystifications of the consumerism and the mythification of Paris by the heritage and tourism industries.   These critiques of the city were the basis for Lefebvres investigation of the cultural construction of stereotypical notions of cities, of nat ure and of regions† (Shields, 2002). Within his writings, Lefebvre brought attention to the tendency of academia to place too much emphasis upon the classification of studies as being psychology, sociology, archeology or geography among others,

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Although this technology has many advantages to a global society, it has a number of risks that make it disadvantageous in its application. The development of the cloud computing technology spans a long historical period that has seen it the common phrase today in the in information technology today. In the 1950s the mainframe computer technology had many drawbacks that necessitated the need of sharing resources within computer networks in public institutions. During this time, the mainframe computers were slow and expensive and it was virtually impossible to provide each person with a mainframe computer. Consequently, the need for sharing information arose in public institutions where the number of computers were much less than the number of clients. To achieve this, the static terminals, which were used for communicating but had no processors, were invented to ensure that the CPU clock speed and the resources within the mainframe memory could be shared among various clients. Betwee n the year 1960 and 1990, cloud computing became more common as scientists suggested that it was possible to connect the whole world through the use a few data centers and numb terminals located from all over the world (Furht, and Armando 10). At this stage, this technology was foreseen as an invention that would globalize the world and connect all human beings within a cohesive network. The period between 1990 and 2000 has been a period of rapid transition of cloud computing technology. Telecommunication service providers adopted the virtual private network (VPN) in which their clients could access networks remotely. Also, this was the time when the cloud computing symbol was used by service providers to mark a separation between the core network and the client side of the network. After the proliferation of the internet technology, the internet formed common network where information could be shared and distributed within virtual computer systems. In 2000, companies such as the Am azon modernized their data centers and provided high capacity networks where information could be accessed by many clients in their online presence. Today, this technology has been adopted within the business systems to synchronize global business operations and form high capacity networks that can provide data to all clients in the world (Furht, and Armando 15). Cloud distributors have become popular as they adopt hardware Virtualization and utility computing that have become the drivers of the cloud computing technology. The cloud computing architecture is divided into two ends that separate the storage and the access sides. Strickland (2) regards the two sides of the cloud computing architecture as the front end and the back end. The front end side is constituted by the client’s computer network and the associated applications that facilitate access of the networks. Mozilla Firefox and the internet explorer are just some of the applications that are commonly used by client s to access the internet on the front end. On the other hand, the back end side constitutes the computers, servers and the autonomous data storage systems that allow the formation of a cloud that can be accessed from the front end. The internet forms a link between the front end and the back end as it forms the channel of communication between the clients and storage servers.

Assessment Process Essay Example for Free

Assessment Process Essay A1 Award 1 Understand the principles and requirements of assessment. 1. 1 Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. ? ? ? What is initial assessment and how does this identify learner’s needs? What is formative assessment and how does this track learner’s progress? What is summative assessment and how does this assess learner’s achievement? 1. 2 Define the key concepts and principles of assessment. ? ? ? ? ? How do you make assessment using set criteria in order to make judgements of learners’ knowledge, skills and competence? What is meant by validity and reliability? What role does evidence have in making assessment decisions? What is meant by evidence being authentic, sufficient and current the importance of objectivity and fairness to learners? What is the importance of transparency for the learner? 1. 3 Explain the responsibilities of the assessor: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you ensure that you understand and apply the standards and requirements of the award you are assessing? How do you plan assessments to meet learner needs? How do you communicate assessment requirements to learners? How do you carry out assessments? How do you compare evidence with set standards? How do you make assessment decisions? How do you record the assessment process and decisions? How do you provide feedback to learners? How do you take part in standardisation processes? What do you do that ensures you take part in continuing professional development? 1. 4 Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own area of practice ? How do you ensure you implement the assessment requirements for the awarding organisation (i. e. City and Guilds) or regulatory body (i. e. Ofsted)? ? What do you have to do in order to comply with the above? ? Why do you need to comply with the relevant assessment strategy for that particular qualification? What is the importance of this process? 2. Understand different types of assessment method. 2. 1 Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners Looking at a range of assessment methods and their strengths and weaknesses of each. 3. Understand how to plan assessment. 3. 1 Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? How do you know what standards/criteria to be used when planning assessments? How do you pick what type and volume of evidence is required? How do you decide what assessment method to use? What do you communication to the learner about the assessment plan? What needs to be communicated to other people involved in the assessment process? How do you consider location and resources when planning assessments? How do you decide what time and duration the assessment planning process should take? How do you plan specific learner needs and decide on any support required? How do you manage the assessment process? How do you record the assessment processes and the decisions that you have made? How do you feedback to the learner? How do you comply with the relevant assessment strategy of planning the assessment of a qualification? 3. 2 Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment. ? ? ? ? How can you ensure that you are efficient in the collection of evidence for the learner and for you as an assessor? How can you plan for evidence that can be used for more than one unit? How can you identifying how the learner integrates different areas into their practice to ensure that holistic assessment takes place. Understanding into their practice. 3. 3 Explain how to apply holistic assessment when planning assessment. How do you plan assessments so that a variety of required evidence can be derived from one assessment occasion? 3. 4 Summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. How do you ensure that you assess risks in your role as assessor: 3. 5 Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. How to manage assessments to minimise risks associated with, health and safety, learner stress and potential for inauthentic evidence, collusion, unjustifiable support to the learner, fairness. 4. Understand how to involve learners and others in assessment 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. What are the benefits of involving learners in the assessment process? 4. 2 Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. What information should be given to learners and others involved in the assessment process? 4. 3 Explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning. Why should the learner and others contribute to formative assessment? What are the benefits of the learning developing a sense of ownership over the learning and the assessment process? 4. 4 Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners. What types of adapts regarding assessment may need to take place in order to meet the needs of the following: language requirements / physical disabilities / particular learning needs and working patterns. 5. Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 Explain how to judge whether evidence is valid, authentic, current, and sufficient? 5. 2 How do you ensure that assessment decisions are made against specified criteria and are valid, reliable, and fair? 6. Understand own contribution to the quality assurance of assessment 6. 1 Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process How do you ensure that you meet the requirements of quality assurance? How do you ensure the reliability of assessment decisions and the fairness to individual candidates? 6. 2 Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice What are the quality assurance and standardisation procedures for the qualifications that you assess? 6. 3 Summarise the relevant procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice. What are the appeals procedures relevant to own area of assessment practice? 7. Understand how to manage information relation to assessment of occupational competence 7. 1 Explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment. How do you ensure that you provide accurate information on learner achievement and contribute to quality and standardisation? How do you ensure that feedback is given to the learner and review the learning progress? How do you maintain records if required in regards to an appeal? 7. 2 Explain how feedback and questioning contributes to the assessment process. How does feedback help the learner develop? 8. Understand the legal and good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8. 1 Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. What is the organisation, legal and awarding bodies policies and procedures in regards to the following areas: Health and safety, including leaner emotional welfare, confidentiality, transparency, record keeping, equal opportunities and diversity, compliance with the relevant assessment strategy if assessing a qualification.

Ethical Decisions Essay Example for Free

Ethical Decisions Essay Every individual is faces with ethical decisions every day in both their personal and professional lives. To avoid making unethical decisions, one must know what leads to poor decision making. Once a person knows what leads to the poor decision, they must find ways to resist making an unethical act. A person cannot make the right choice if they do not know how to avoid it. A leader must also know how to inspire ethical decisions within their staff. This paper covers ways to avoid making poor decisions and ways to making ethical ones. Poor Decision Characteristics While there are many ways one can be ethical, Mallor, Barnes, Bowers, Langvardt suggest there are three essential traits one makes when a poor decision is made (1966/2010, p. 115). The fist common mistake of poor decision-making is when one forgets the goal that was previous set by him or herself or the organization. A person or the organization must keep all of their goals in mind when making decision, and many times individuals forget these goals. Overconfidence is another trait of poor decision-making. One aspect of overconfidence being that nobody will notice a little mistake made for correction later. For example, a manager may take a few dollars from the business expecting to put it back later and then a few more and later still more. However tomorrow never comes and before long, that first few dollars turns into hundreds or thousands. In the organization of my employment a small loan company as well as the owners stock car team on the side exists. The loan company sponsors the racing, and a year ago, the organization moved from the Midwest to the heart of NASCAR country. Once the owner arrived, he decided to buy the best equipment for the race team using funds from the loan company. While the spending spree may have been ok in the past, the owner did not take into account that need of hiring and training of new employees. When the new employees made poor lending decisions, combined with his spending, the organization almost went bankrupt. The other aspect of overconfidence is confirmation bias or â€Å"we  must be doing things the right way because all has gone well in the past† (Mallor et al., 1966/2010, p. 116). The overconfidence shows in the example of the overspending by the owner of the organizations statement: â€Å"Oh, it will all work out, because it always has†. The last trait of poor decision-making occurs when the issues are too complex and not realized for their complexity. Individuals may not realize the complexity of the issue and underestimate the issue. In the lending business, should we as an organization not know the laws of each state when it comes to lending, we can face serious legal issues should we make a loan to a resident of a state in which short term lending, such as we do, is illegal. Resisting Unethical Acts Resisting unethical acts, many times, is easier said than done. In order to do so, a person must first recognize that what they are about to do is unethical (Mallor et al., 1966/2010, p. 116). The first way to avoid making an unethical decision is to buy some time before acting. An individual must take some time, analyze the situation, and if need be, find other ways to accomplish the task at hand without being unethical. The next tactic is to seek out help from a mentor or support group. While an individual may not have the ethical solution to a problem at hand, many times others will. There have been many times when I have sought the advice of others prior to making a decision, which I think may be unethical. Using the previous example of making a loan to someone in a state in which it is illegal, I may ask the advice of a co-worker before I make the loan. The last way to resist making an unethical act is to find a better solution in which everyone wins. This goes hand in hand with one buying some time before acting upon an unethical act. Analyzing the situation, and getting all the facts may lead to a decision in which one makes an ethical decision while meeting the requirements of the direction one has been given. Leading Ethically When leading other individuals, it is imperative that one be ethical themselves, in order to lead ethically. A person, who is unethical, is going to inspire unethical behaviors in others. When members of an organization see that nothing happens to their leaders, others will fall  into the same unethical behavior and rationalize that what they are doing is ok as well (Mallor et al., 1966/2010, p. 119). Leaders must set the example of ethical behavior for others. Leaders must also communicate ethical values of the organization to the staff. How can an individual know what they are doing is unethical in the eyes of the organization, if they do not know what is expected of them? The leader must continually communicate to the staff and remind them of what is ethical behavior. Another way to lead other ethically is to reinforce ethical behavior in the staff. When a leader sees an ethical decision made by a staff member, recognize their action. This will help that employee continue to make the right decision, and show others what is ethical behavior. Conclusion In order to be ethical, one must know what makes ethical and unethical decisions in their lives. Recognizing what makes an unethical decision, and ways to avoid making them, will help one to makes the right choice. Analyzing the situation, weighing other options and alternatives will help one to make an ethical decision. For a leader, these tools will also help their staff make ethical decisions as well. References Mallor, J., Barnes, A. J., Bowers, T., Langvardt, A. W. (2010). Business law; The ethical, global, and e-commerce environment (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. (Original work published 1966)

Health Promotion Among Retirees

Health Promotion Among Retirees The purpose of this report is to investigate the general area of life after employment for the older person. The main focus of the report is on preparation for retirement for the older person as well as the specific services that are available to older people such as lifelong learning, education and leisure. INTRODUCTION As little as 10 years ago if you asked a 25 year old if they have a plan for retirement they would probably respond with â€Å"no, retirement is for old people – I’m only 25†. The reality is that we should be planning for retirement from the first day we start work. With Ireland’s increasing strength in the workforce and our impending numbers of people retiring within the next 30 years it has become a national standard to introduce schemes for people to plan their retirement. In the past people who never even thought of retirement until the year it was upon them have had very negative effects. In order to soften the blow from being active workers with a routine, a purpose, personal connections and a strong sense of self-worth trying to fall into the category of a permanent holiday seems great at first but as time passes by the holiday feeling ends and the empty useless feeling sets in. This in turn leads to numerous personal problems such as, financial, so cial, and physical and health. (Businessworld.ie, 2015), (ncaop.ie,2014), (cso.ie,2014). In the past carers predominantly come in contact with retirees who are no longer working as they have either retired due to ill health or have retired – unprepared and unable to psychologically cope with the situation – and have failed in some way to care for themselves. To this end the carer’s role is to work as part of a multi-disciplinary team including family members of the retiree to assist them with their activities of daily living in their home or in a care home setting. Carers of people in their home have found that they have become a major support in more ways than one – guiding clients through various options in order to alleviate depression – such as information on joining groups for retired people to organising their will. Carers are now able to support and promote a more positive attitude to retirement with the help of organisations – such as The Pensions Authority, Active Retirement Ireland, Citizens Information and the Retireme nt Planning Council and Age Action Ireland to name but a few. Irish people can now be completely prepared for retirement from the day they start work. These organisations have opened a whole new world of opportunities for retired people giving them access to copious amounts of information that will service their needs such as Age Action Ireland who will meet individuals and groups who wish to continue their education through the Lifelong Learning Programme in Colleges and Universities and the local Active Retirement Groups who hold regular meetings for members so they can socially interact and support each other through various activities which include sporting activities, outings, foreign travel and educational courses and interaction programmes which are run in conjunction with local youth groups and schools. These organisations have helped to remove the age old stigma attached to retirement and converted it to be now seen as life experienced people helping future generations; whi ch in turn allows young people to be mentored by retirees and they generally no longer see them as old – removing the age barrier. (ncaop.ie,2014), The Health Service Executive provides many supports for older people such as Primary Care, Social Workers and Home Care. Other non-governmental bodies also provide health promotion for older people ie, local leisure centres, G.A.A, ICA, Macra Na Feirme and Charity and Voluntary bodies. The Primary Care team provide many services for older people from health screening to occupational therapy and chiropody both in a client’s home and at local health care centres. Older people are encouraged – by family members, carers and medical staff to attend the centres as they not only provide basic healthcare facilities and counselling but also a point of support and encouragement for those who may be fearful of seeking further medical attention or may not realise that they need assistance with their activities of daily living. There are also many therapeutic interventions such as cognitive behaviour therapy which has proven to help alleviate depression and anxiety in older people which in turn enables retirees to better cope with their current situation. Pre-retirement courses are also an excellent way for people to be prepared for their retirement through their courses people have all the necessary available tools and information to retire with very little stress and have connections made with groups and associations that can enhance their quality of life after employment. (Beck and Beck, 2011) The change in the make-up of the Irish population has had an immense impact on our views of retirement and how older adults are treated. Various other cultures hold their elders in the highest regard and are rewarded for a lifetime of work – their families take over caring for them and they continue their retirement in comfort knowing that all their needs are completely taken care of. It is the influence of cultures such as these that Ireland has now began to adapt its views towards retirement and older adults enabling people to have a more positive feeling towards retirement rather than fear of loneliness and desperation. (Aranda and Knight, 1997) Some people retire before the national age for retirement of 65 not only due to illness but because they may feel they are financially stable enough to give up work – or reduce their hours of work through a phased retirement scheme with their current employer. These people still want to be active members of their family and community and as such families should be encouraged to help them with their decisions and help to keep them from becoming depressed through allowing them to help with their lives – ie child-minding, arranging family outings and holidays, giving advice to them on financial and other dilemmas – this will help to keep a retirees sense of self worth which will prevent illness and depression. For people who have retired as they are over the age limit – families can help support them in their new lives, visiting them often, encouraging them to join groups and associations and if they are not able to travel to the group meetings or outings etc , organise travel for them ensuring they are able to attend the meetings etc. If they are a member of an association, families should attend any shows or activities that they are involved in and express an interest in what they are doing. Younger family members should also be encouraged to accompany them on outings and also help them with chores around the house and do odd jobs for them. This helps with feelings of depression and loneliness as older adults will chat away to younger people telling them stories and advising them on various aspects of their lives. CONCLUSION Before starting this assignment I did not consider that I will be retiring one day and did not realise the effects it can have on my life both psychologically and physically. Through the course of my research I have found that many people who have not been prepared for retirement have a lower mortality rate that people who have a fully operational retirement plan. I am going to make sure I am fully prepared for retirement and during my interviews with members of the various local groups around Mountmellick and Portlaoise I have a good understanding of the groups I would like to join and currently become active in with. There is a wide variety of information available to people who wish to prepare for retirement and who are currently retired and I now feel as a carer I will be able to help my clients with their needs and have a good understanding of the processes involved in post-employment life to be able to support them with their needs and wishes. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.apa.org/pi/aging/resources/guides/psychotherapy.aspx http://www.irishtraining.ie/general/preparing_for_your_retirement.html http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdf http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.short http://www.thehealthwell.info/node/10467?source=relatedblockcontent=resourcemember=416catalogue=nonecollection=nonetokens_complete=true http://www.laois.ie/YourCouncil/Publications/CommunityampEnterprise/FileDownload,1877,en.pdf http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/67_OP_Prefs_Emp_Ret.pdf http://www.ageandopportunity.ie/ https://books.google.ie/books?id=RdmZAgAAQBAJpg=PA31lpg=PA31dq=care+of+the+confused+client+assignmentsource=blots=i_PM5i6OxWsig=uHvkwWPwpJgfTXCQmJuwuul10Zwhl=ensa=Xei=ubOiVPC9JvGt7Abi84CQDwved=0CDIQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepageq=care of the confused client assignmentf=false http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/342.full.pdf http://www.annalsoflongtermcare.com/article/4786 http://consultgerirn.org/topics/ethnogeriatrics_and_cultural_competence_for_nursing_practice/want_to_know_more http://www.adultmeducation.com/socialandeconomicfactors_4.html http://www.activeirl.ie/ http://www.hse.ie REFERENCES BOOKS Beck, J. and Beck, J. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy. New York: Guilford Press. EBOOK/PDF Healthcare.uiowa.edu, (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/icmh/evidence/documents/EBPOlderAdults.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. NCAOP.IE, (2015). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.ncaop.ie/publications/research/reports/94_AFS_Conf_Procs.pdf [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. JOURNAL ARTICLES Aranda, M. and Knight, B. (1997). The Influence of Ethnicity and Culture on the Caregiver Stress and Coping Process: A Sociocultural Review and Analysis. The Gerontologist, 37(3), pp.342-354. WEBSITES Currentpsychiatry.com, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www.currentpsychiatry.com/home/article/how-to-adapt-cognitive-behavioral-therapy-for-older-adults/99ca3dc03cddedc62b20b672dcc4e56c.html [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. The Pensions Board, (2015). Welcome to the Pensions Authority. [online] Available at: http://www.pensionsauthority.ie/en/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. Rpc.ie, (2015). Retirement Planning Council of Ireland – Why Plan. [online] Available at: http://www.rpc.ie/why-plan/ [Accessed 4 Jan. 2015]. FETAC Level 5 Healthcare Support 5M4339 Page 1 of 10Sabrina Delaney

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

Vietnam was a small Asian country, 9000 miles away from the United States. Yet America felt that its national interest was threatened strongly enough to fight a war there. The explanation for this lies in the fear caused by the spread of communism at that time. The role of communism was extremely important in this conflict. You see, the US had to enter the war to stop the spread of communism in Asia since North Vietnam was communist. If North Vietnam was to succeed in converting Vietnam into a communist country , it could become very powerful and go on to persuade other countries to become communist. The US believed that Vietnam could become powerful, and it was willing to go through anything to stop that, including sending millions of US troops to Vietnam and watching them die live on TV, and this greatly effected the American culture and society. The Vietnam war. It changed the lives of many people, and in many unfortunate cases eliminated those of others. "By the end of 1965, 184,314 troops were in Vietnam" (Internet), sacrificing their future, their lives. "Within a year, the number had grown to 385,000"(Internet). For those back in America, the hardship was felt as their sons died overseas. imagine waking up one morning and turning the local news of and seeing your son's face on the TV screen as one of the few hundred who died just last night. It was horrifying . All this effected American society greatly. Moms were losing sons, sisters were losing brothers, and children were losing dads. The Vietnam war had a harsh outcome. "More than 47,000Americans were killed in action,11,000 died of other causes, and 303,000 were wounded"(Internet). As more and more Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the American people responded with disillusionment and it caused the American society to lose faith in the government ,as a series of powerful protests took place across the nation.Opposition to the Vietnam war in the United States developed immediately after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Early protests were organized around questions about the morality of Us Military involvement in Vietnam. As each key event of the war occurred, the antiwar sentiment steadily rose. "Students and professors began to organize "teach-ins" on the war in early 1965 at the university of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, and the University of California at Berkeley"(Encarta). eventually, virtually no college or university was without an organized student movement.

The Myth Of The Family :: essays research papers

The Myth of the Model Family THOSE OF US WHO grew up in the 1950s got an image of the American family that was not, shall we say, accurate. We were told, Father Knows Best, Leave It to Beaver, and Ozzie and Harriet were not just the way things were supposed to be—but the way things were It's probably good that life wasn't like the television shows in the '50s—we wouldn't have many women now. Take a look at the ratio of boys to girls on the most popular family shows. Ozzie and Harriet had two boys, no girls. Leave It to Beaver had two boys, no girls. Rifleman had one boy, one rifle, no girls. Lassie had one boy, one dog (supposedly a girl, but played by a boy), and no girls. My Three Sons had—well, that one's obvious. Bonanza had three grown-up boys. Although Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz in real life had one boy and one girl, on I Love Lucy they had one boy. The only shows with daughters were The Donna Reed Show (one boy, one girl) and that lighthouse to womanhood—despite its title—Father Knows Best (one boy, two girls). Grown to maturity, that's a late-1960s dating population of fifteen men to three women. Almost all the households were mama-papa-kiddies: the nuclear family. (The exceptions were My Three Sons and Bonanza: Steve Douglas [Fred MacMurray] and Ben Cartwright were widowers.) There were no prior marriages, no children from prior relationships, no threat or even thought of divorce, and the closest thing we saw to physical abuse was Ralph Kramden's, "One of these days, Alice, one of these days . . . to the moon!" There were no infidelities, no drinking problems, no drugs (not even prescription tranquilizers), no racism (How could there be? With the exception of Hop Sing and Ricky Ricardo, there was only one race; even the Hispanic gardener on Father Knows Best was named Frank Smith). There was no dropping out of school, no political discussion (much less political differences), no unemployment (except for Ozzie's early retirement), no severe economic problem (except for a crop failure on Lassie, when they had to sell all the livestock, including Lassie; but just befo re being carted off, Lassie pawed the ground and struck oil, and everything was okay again. Except for Lassie, who looked as though the Exxon Valdez had dumped its forward holding tanks on her).

From Welfare To Workfare Essay -- Canada Work Welfare Jobs Essays

From Welfare to Workfare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There's an old joke that goes something like... Where do you hide a welfare recipient's cheque, where he'll never find it? Under his work boots. When Mike Harris was campaigning for the Progressive conservative party in 1994 he promised a "common sense revolution". This mixed with the huge unpopularity of Bob Ray's policies, made him a favourite for the upcoming election. With this new "common sense revolution", came Ontario Works, or workfare. (a program designed to help recipients find their cheques) The workfare topic was a huge issue to voters, and will effect not only the thousands of Ontario welfare recipients but every Ontarioan in one way or another. When the election was close, Mike Harris often called workfare his "hand up" on the other candidates, (Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Nov. 17, 1995, 846), arguing that the current welfare system is just "hand outs".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The decision on behalf of the conservative party to introduce Ontario Works in Ontario is an interesting one, with respect to traditional, and modern day Conservative party beliefs. This issue will be discussed in depth further into the essay, but much research and (case) study went into the prospects of workfare by the Tories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To better understand workfare, one must understand the basics and reasoning of welfare. John Romanyshyn wrote "Free men living in a community of free and equal men is the democratic ideal", (Armitage, 59) which describes the ideals of welfare. Welfare is a liberal and/or democratic program and policy and is intended to allow equal opportunities of success to all. Other welfare goals include giving temporary assistance for people who are living below the poverty line and are basically implemented by using the insurance principle: pay premiums when you're able in order to reap benefits when you are unable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are principles consistent with the liberal democracy point of view. Nowhere does welfare help the community or society. (Conservative beliefs) Welfare should help people in their time of need until they get back on their feet. This was becoming less and less the case in the late eighties and early nineties, when welfare abuse became such a major issue. According to the Progressive Conservatives, this gave way to workfare. "UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF WORKFARE"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As ea... ...wers and more will soon be answered after the results are in from the first wave of welfare reform in Ontario. WORKS CITED Armitage, Andrew. (1988). Social Welfare in Canada. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc. Canadian Council on Social Development. (1975). Social Services in Canada: An   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction. Ottawa. The Canadian Council on Social Development press. Crane, John. (1994). Directions for Social Welfare in Canada. D.W. Frieson & Sons. Hansard. Ontario Legislative Assembly of Ontario. (1995-1996). Office of the hansard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (various dates specified in essay) C. McCormack (personal communication, Nov. 7, 1996) ...Workfare Watch News ("CCPA Monitor," July/August 1996) ...Backgrounder ("Community of Social Services home page", "http://www.gov.on.ca",   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1996) Henderson, Gord (Apr. 9, 1996) Give Tories' workfare plan a chance in Ontario. Windsor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Star. ...Ontario Works makes ("Community of Social Services home page", "http://www. gov. on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ca", 1996) Workfare Watch ("bulletin posted on Internet", "www. worldchat. com/ public/ tab/ wrkfrw/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  bul1.htm") (various dates specified in essay)

Ikea China’s Shopping Experience Essay

IKEA’s focus towards shopping experience is part of their effort in building brand loyalty. As you can see from the pictures, every bed in the store are occupied, with children and adults falling asleep. IKEA does not discourage this. They realize that the more customers choose to relax in its showrooms, the more likely they will have positive attitude towards its brand and make a purchase once their incomes catch up with their aspirations. In contrast, competitors lack building brand loyalty. 11-furniture, has successfully copied the IKEA’s products as well as customer shopping experience by letting customers to try on the products. However, many still say that at the real IKEA, the layout is much neater. Therefore, the brand image of IKEA would still be better perceived compared to the fake stores’. B&Q does not have showrooms for people to have direct touch and feel of the products. B&Q does provide service such as interior design consultation. However, research has also shown that Chinese customers might hesitate to do face-to-face consultation. Therefore trust and brand loyalty are hard to develop. AIKA, are focusing more on manufacturing low-cost products with limited effort in providing shopping experience to build brand loyalty. Therefore, they may lose their potential customers to the IKEA in the future. Through globalization, Chinese customers have greater exposure to Western trends and lifestyles. However, this trend is not necessarily prevalent across all demographics within China. Therefore, to determine whether IKEA is effectively tapping into this trend, we need to examine the level of acceptance of Western shopping experience and products of IKEA’s target market. IKEA mainly targets young adults, typically aged 25-35, who live in Tier 1 cities where they get exposed to Western brands. This generation was born under the One Child Policy, known informally as â€Å"little emperors† who are characterized as being impulsive and easily influenced. Therefore, we could say that IKEA’s target market could be easily aspire to western brand’s high quality and culture. As a result, shopping experience by IKEA is very suitable with the need of consumers to try western products. On the other hand, competitors such as 11 Furniture and AIKA do not represent the western culture. Those Chinese customers who hold a high regard for Western culture will favour Western brands over local brands. Arguably IKEA’s closest competitor, 11 Furnitre who tries to replicate IKEA, has one fundamental difference. It does not provide the Western culture or image IKEA projects. Every detail of the store equates 11 Furniture with Chinese culture in the minds of customers, while IKEA is equated with the Western culture and experience.

What It Takes to Be a Manager

nd nd 2 worldwide host ON course AND frugal enquiry (2 ICBER 2011) achievement WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A MANAGER THE CASE OF Malayan FIVESTAR RESORT HOTELS Rozila Ahmad (emailprotected edu. my) Noor Azimin Zainol (emailprotected edu. my) Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok, 06010 Kedah ABSTRACT This article suss outs the extremity for directrial spotlights in tailfin-star animate hotels in Malaysia. Despite the out harvest of hotel labor in Malaysia, pedantician literature particularly soft confirmable piece of subject rent foc apply on the gentleman big(p) require of the perseverance in the country is scarce.Different from sepa rate industries, in the hotel labor a Bachelors Degree hardly guarantees the growth of anxiety frame. base on audiences with 42 hotel employees including 19 managers from six hotels, this article intimates that twist interpret and attractions science is crucial for hotel managers to contract their job. Other necessitys argo n pay off, information and side of meat growth. This suggestion is support by the employees profile. The implications argon discussed, emphasizing the indigence to consider increase hotel students pop off get it on in the pains and enhancing their leading acquisition.Keywords gracious pick perplexity, hotel application, c beer, attractership, bringing up, colloquy INTRODUCTION at that place is a deficit of adroit p subroutines in Malaysia imputable to its cursorily growing economy (Business Monitor outside(a) Ltd. , 2010). touristry is among the main contrisolelyor for the economical growth and its alignment with hotel industry has created legion(predicate) job opportunities to the transcendical anaesthetic population. Based on the statistics by Malayan connecter of Hotels (2011a) from 2007 to 2010 the teleph bingle number of tourist arrival has increase from 20. 9 million to 23. million and this was fol ruggeded by the emergence in the number of hote ls and motels from 1567 to 2005. This has led to the cease little growth of habitual and private institutions fling hotel anxiety courses to fill the clobber force take of these hotels. Despite the increase number of hotel graduates, hotels atomic number 18 still facing buy the farmer dearths ( Malayan standstill of Hotels, 2011b). As in consummationual countries, Malaysian hotels atomic number 18 having lines in attracting and concealing adept and informal kneaders (Patah, Zain, Abdullah & Radzi, 2009 Cheng & Brown, 1998).On virtuoso proceeding, the shortage of scienceed runers in Malaysian hotels is caused by the unattractive impart atmosphere of the industry. On the new(prenominal) hand it is caused by Malaysian melt downforce lower status to attain steering correct. Similar to the amplifyed countries, Hotels in Malaysia ar facing problems in attracting and retaining skilled and acquaintanceable achievementers due to low salary, rigid job traits a nd conventional hyphen of expire-down operation (Ahmad, Solnet & Scott, 2010 Yamashita & Uenoyama, 2006 Davidson, Guilding & Timo, 2006).However, such problem is less prevalent in Multi depicted object Corporation (MNC) due to their strategic human imagination heed practices that managed to attract and retain skilled workers from competing hotels (Ahmad et al. , 2010). MNC are mandatory to convoluted more than local anesthetic anaesthetics in middle and top focal point place. However, after three decades of growth irrelevant international hotel managers still shadow the Malaysian hotel industry and this could be due to the decreased take aim of human seat of government among the Malaysian workforce (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006).Numerous academic literatures in Malaysia throw discussed on how the industry thotocks retain their skilled employees. However, literature on how academicians foundation increase their students employability for 2040 nd nd 2 external assem bly ON business organization AND economical look (2 ICBER 2011) talk counselling blank space is scarce despite the indication of Malaysian workforce lower status to attain management spot. This deficiency in the literature gives rise to the research research of this article. The research enquiry of this article is, What are the necessitys for managerial post in Malaysian five-star hotels? Although articles on indispensable skills for managerial post or similar articles from other countries can serve as a guide, such articles base on empirical lease in Malaysia is beneficial to put forward a more specific breeding. Furthermore, to maximize the foreign exchange revenue and the physical exertion of the local population, local colleges and universities need to increase their graduates employability. precedent to that, the students moldiness be equipped with the knowledge, skills and abilities compulsory for managerial post.The purpose of this article is to go over and highlight what are the knowledge, skills and abilities required by the local graduates to attain management survey in Malaysia. This article get alongs theoretical and possible contribution. It increases the number of academic literatures concerning human resource issues in the Malaysian hotels. It investigates the practitioners perception of what is required for management post. By including non-management employees perception, it suffers comprehensive information of the requirements.This article leave advance the hotel industry in the long term. With the drift to scale down skilled workers shortage and hotel graduates un drill, it coordinates industry necessity with academic institutions supply. LITERATURE REVIEW delicate Workers Shortages Since 1970 there has been a rapid growth of touristry industry in Malaysia (Goldsmith & Zahari, 1994). To furnish tourists needs the supply of hotel and motel rooms has been increased to 158,480 in 2010 (Malaysian Association of Hotels, 2011). The rapid amplification of the hotel industry has exaggerated the demand for employment of competent people.This resulted in skilled workers shortages (Malaysian Association of Hotels, 2011 Business Monitor outside(a) Ltd. , 2010). Based on Malaysian Association of Hotels men Survey reports, in 2008 there was a shortage of 2113 workers in the hotel industry. To palliate the problem hotels sedulous foreign workers to work in all the departments except finance and human resources. This has reduced workforce shortages to 1146 in class 2009. In both historic period viands and Beverage (restaurant) department faced the highest worker shortages while the housekeeping department busy the highest number of foreign workers.The high role of foreign employees in housekeeping (10%), stewarding (9%), and viands and drink (restaurant) (5%) is understandable because Malaysian could bring in more doing other jobs such as rubber tapping. Furthermore, the Malaysian Muslim s are interdict from serving liquor and this coerces occupation in food and beverage (restaurant) department less favourable to them. However, the employment of foreign workers for top management posts (6%), executives (3%), and other posts in sports and entertainment (5%) and front patch and reservation (2%) is disturbing.It suggests that Malaysian workforce (including hotel management graduates) is non skilled enough for these posts. Existing literature lends roughly support to this suggestion. cordial reception Education in Malaysia The employment of foreign workers to mitigate skilled workforce shortages is acceptable in the ancient but now it is a dilemma. such practice whitethorn lessen the benefits (such as employment opportunities for the locals and foreign exchange revenue) gained from tourism activities.In 1994 colleges did non require the capacity to suffer sufficient number of graduates to meet the change magnitude demand for skilled workers because there w ere scarcely ten private schools and colleges and 2 public institutions (Goldsmith & Zahari, 1994). To date, there is at least(prenominal) 61 private colleges and universities, five public universities, five polytechnics and six community 2041 nd nd 2 outside(a) CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND stinting RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) legal proceeding colleges (Ministry of soaringer Education, 2011). well-nigh of these colleges and universities return a number of branches.Despite the rapid growth in the hotel instruction arena, shortage of skilled workers in the industry still persists. In Malaysia, local graduates Bachelors Degree in Hotel vigilance hardly guarantees the attainment of management position. This is different from other countries. Besides act ining management employees internally, hotels in equivalent manner inscribe graduates straight from the university (Mullen, 2007 Yamashita & Uenoyama, 2006). Therefore, the attainment of a managerial position is any by hard work by starting from an entry level position or by a desist get behind through having an academic reservation (Mullen, 2007).Hence, there are managers who gift never graduated from the university. They started their locomote as non-managerial employees and by being among the best performers they energise been promoted to a managerial position. While internal forwarding is common in Malaysia, direct enlisting from the local university for management posts is rare. Hotels, especially MNC prefers to recruit by advertising through the internet, newsprint and words of mouth in accompaniment to establishing links with government agencies and related associations (Ahmad, 2010).Fresh graduates are perceive to be incapable of intervention management duties. Reduced human resource capital in Malaysia is among the reasons for skilled workers shortage in the hotel industry. valet resource capital is at a lower standardised than the 1980s because the level of slope progress and service orientation is lower among the young person workforce (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006). Different from their juniors, the senior workforce primal knowledge was in side (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006 Hanapiah, 2002). Thus, their English proficiency is better. They are looked upon as those who can epresent the organization because of their ability to slip away and deal in English style (Hanapiah, 2002). The immenseness of English proficiency is more obvious in MNC hotels whose customers and managers usually run in English. Besides English proficiency, other requirement for hotel management post is education, skills and knowledge ( practiced, human resources, finance and grocery storeing), ad hominemity (dedication, creativity, sociability, adaptability and ambitious), leadership persona and work visit (Jayawardena, 2000 Hanapiah, 2002).However, fresh academic literature on these skills inwardly the context of Malaysian hotel industry is scarce. There are a number of ho tel management literatures from puzzleed countries which discussed more or less management skills with implications for educational institutions. Kay and Moncarz (2004) stressed on the importance of knowledge in fiscal management and human resource management competencies. They suggest educational institutions provide proper coverage of financial management course. Likewise, they upholdd the industry to recruit graduates from cordial reception curriculums with strong financial management curriculum.Their opinion has deviated from earlier research on management skills that suggested leadership and interpersonal skill as the more or less significant skills for hotel managers. However, the importation of leadership skill has doggingly been supported by recent academic literatures (Boone & Peborde, 2008 Brownell, 2006). check to Boone and Peborde (2008), there are five total leadership skills and these are establishing credibility, managing sentence, being proactive, empower ing others to act and net running(a).Based on their article, credibility concerns on constituents dedicate and potency of their manager, being proactive is better and executing what needs to be through for the organizations benefit, empowerment includes enabling egotism leadership, providing choice, developing competence and confidence and rearing office and networking is developing personal contacts to get valuable support, feedback, insight, information and resources. They argued that leadership is non a charisma that one may or may non possess it consists of attitudes, behaviours and skill that can be adopted, learned and mproved through practice. Therefore, they 2042 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) go on suggest college students and early locomote workers to superior the fundamental leadership skills to come along a strong leadership base. Hotel management students should be properly tooled with the knowledge, skill s and abilities required to attain management position and then, face and handle the industrys challenges (Kay & Moncarz, 2004 Boone & Peborde, 2008 Brownell, 2006).Prior to that, it is beneficial to investigate what are the knowledge, skills and abilities required to attain management position within the context of the local hotel industry. With the aim to equip Malaysian students with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities, the skills required for management position in Malaysian five-star hotels are prizeed in detail. METHODOLOGY The methodological approach used in this speculate is framed within qualitative research. Respondents were contacted through e-mails and phone calls to request for an interview.A personal interview method was used for entropy show which was carried out in May and June 2008. Interviews were conducted correspond to the respondents schedule and availability and at their best-loved location. It is grievous to provide a relaxed surround during t he interview to win the respondents to openly and amply discuss the topics (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). The interviews were unstructured to give respondents the hazard to provide more information. The interview started with communicate respondents the purpose of the research and their right(a) to leave off from the research at any time to ensure they were comfortable.To ensure confidentiality, develop presumption and encourage the respondents to provide full information, label were coded. M1 refers to the first managerial employee interviewed while NM2 refers to the chip non-managerial employee interviewed. Interviews were recorded on tape with the respondents permission. tape the interview allows the investigator to concentrate on the discussion and listen to the interview as often as needed. Repeatedly auditory modality to a taped interview enables the researcher to capture the essence and meanings of words, which facilitates tincture compendium of data. ANALYSISThe d ata collected was analysed using message synopsis. To capture the emotion, content analysis of transcripts was conducted manually and respondents attend tos were quoted in the findings. A software program was not used to analyse the data because relying on computers can run the peril of trivializing the meaning of texts (Krippendorff, 2004). Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and validated inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use (Krippendorff, 2004, p. 18). soft content analysis allows a researcher to discover what the text reveals.All interviews were transcribed. The transcripts were read quadruplex times to understand the context of individually statement and to enable the researchers to become immersed in the data The sample size for the postulate was 42 respondents, 19 managerial employees and 23 non-managerial employees. All respondents were from six Malaysian five-star resort hotels that employ more t han 300 fulltime employees and involve been in business for at least 12 long time. All respondents had more than one years working make with the hotel industry to ensure that they had the capability to provide the in-depth information required.Twenty-one respondents were employees of three MNC hotels. Four of the hotels employed expatriates for common manager post. Foreign workers were employed for management and nonmanagement post. The respondents profile is described in duck 1. An exploration of respondents views on requirement for managerial post was sought. 2043 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) exercise Table 1 Respondents Profile Respondents government agency Work image Education MNC M1 HR Director 20 age Non Hotel parchment v M2 Chief Security 16 days Non Hotel sheepskin v M3 HR representationr 17 historic period SPM M4 HR double-decker 18 long time Hotel fleece M5 ripened Security Officer 19 age STPM M6 Securi ty Officer 11 years SPM M7 Assistant Front Office coach-and-four 10 years Non-Hotel parchment M8 Training Manager 10 years Hotel Diploma M9 Landscape administrator 9 years native School M10 HR Officer 15 years Hotel Diploma v M11 Assistant Pastry Chef 20 years A Level v M12 Assistant Chief Engineer 17 years Non Hotel Certificate v M13 administrator Housekeeper 19 years SPM v M14 Executive Housekeeper 16 years Hotel Certificate v M15 Executive Chef 15 years SPM v M16 HR Manager 20 years Non Hotel Degree v M17 Executive Housekeeper 18 yearsHotel Certificate M18 Food and Beverage Manager 21 years SPM M19 Personnel Manager 10 years Non Hotel Diploma NM1 housework supervisor 17 years SRP v NM2 F superior 12 years Non Hotel Certificate v NM3 F Captain 9 years SPM v NM4 F Cashier 8 years SPM v NM5 Recreation Coordinator 14 years SPM NM6 Senior life guard 18 years SPM NM7 Account Clerk 18 years SPM NM8 Driver 15 years SPM NM9 Accounts supervisory program 12 years STPM NM10 Hostess 6 years SPM NM11 Commis/ Cook 14 years SPM NM12 washout Supervisor 13 years SPM NM13 Receptionist 12 years Hotel Diploma v NM14 Public sphere Supervisor 8 years Islamic School NM15 Laundry Supervisor 5 years SPM v NM16 Driver 11 years basal School v NM17 Room ensuant 9 years STPM v NM18 housekeeping Coordinator 15 years SPM v NM19 Technician 13 years SPM v NM20 Public Area Supervisor 14 years Primary School NM21 Landscape Supervisor 9 years Non Hotel Certificate NM22 Housekeeping Supervisor 15 years SRP 2044 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING NM23 Food and Beverage Supervisor 7 years Islamic School FINDINGS To answer the research question, respondents were asked to describe the requirements for a hotel managerial post.The requirements mentioned by respondents were positive attitude, leadership skill, parley skill, interpersonal skill, self- pauperism, determination, ruttish intelligence, knowledge, make love, education and English proficiency. Experience was near oft mentioned followed by leadership skills, knowledge and education. Table 2 summarised respondents views of the requirements for a managerial post in the hotel industry. Work learn was the most frequently mentioned criterion. Majority of the respondents perceived it to be the most consequential criterion to attain managerial post.Unlike other industries, those people with education but without experience are least probably to be in managerial positions. This assumption is supported by the recitations below In the hotel industry, an applicant for a managerial position requires more than a degree. Most of the university hurl students here for three to six months industrial provision. But that isnt enough. That is not strong enough. You can be a manager in some hotel, but how are you going to make decision If you go int spend a penny enough experience and you make the wrong decision, youll become the express joy stock to your lag. You have pioneer staff in the hotel.You have supervisors who testament question you back. If you work in the government sector or any other sectors, thats a different story. In hotel industry, you rattling need the experience. (M7) The importance of having work experience in the hotel industry was mentioned by most of the respondents. jibe to the respondents, even those with a fleece moldinessiness start from the entry-level position, and from there it depends on their performance. While M17 clearly stated that work experience is more measurable than education, NM4 gave example of problems faced by new managers without working experience.Even the managers started at the entry-level like us. Then, they learned and learned. High education without work experience is not good enough (for managerial position). From what Ive seen, fresh graduates who started at management level have heavyy to organise things. (NM4) The following criterion most frequently mentioned was lead ership. Some managerial respondents highlighted the importance of leadership qualities. The managerial respondents stated that managers who seek excellence from employees should have leadership qualities. Those with leadership qualities are see by their subordinates.They are able to make subordinates embrace the organizations polish and they manage to get things entere and perplex good results. 2045 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Table 2 Requirement for Managerial pose Respondents Leadership M1 v Knowledge Experience Education English Proficiency v v v v v v v M5 v v M6 v M7 v M8 v M9 v M2 M3 v v M4 M10 v M11 v M12 v v v v v v v v M13 M14 v v v v v v v M15 M16 v M17 v M18 v NM1 v v v v v v v v NM2 v v v M19 v v v NM3 v v NM4 v v NM5 v v NM6 v v NM7 v v v v NM8 NM9 v v v NM11 v NM13 v NM14 v v NM15 v v NM16 v v v NM12 v v NM10 v v v NM17 NM18 v NM19 v NM20 v NM21 v v v NM22 v v v NM23 v v v 2046 v v nd nd 2 INTERNATIO NAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING A leaders personal characteristics mentioned by respondents were determination, positive attitude, selfmotivation, emotional intelligence and efficiency. In do-gooder, they felt that managers should be smart, creative and credible. M1 stated the followings 1. A leader has positive attitude, emotional intelligence, self motivation and determination. . Managers must have leadership tincture to spread the organizations agriculture to all their subordinates. 3. Leaders guide their subordinates and makes them established the importance of satisfying invitees which leads to customer inscription in addition to employees subjection. Therefore, the organization will attain long term profitability. 4. We train them, we guide them, we coach them, and if theres derailment, we put them back on the track. The influence of a great leader is evident in some of the non-managerial employees and apt(p) below is an examp le.I enjoy my work because I got the chance to meet the guests My former general manager used to say You must take good care of the guest because if you dont, they will go to other hotels. When this hotel is out of business where can you work? He advised us to make the guests happy and to do what we should do. It is not difficult at all. When the guests come, I open the penetration for them, greet them they are like kings and we must treat them well. (NM8) The importance of knowledge was alike frequently mentioned by the respondents. Knowledge is gained from experience, education and trainingWe must be familiar in all aspects the department that were handling and the departments that are related to us. We must at least have the canonical knowledge of the functions of front office, maintenance, food and beverage and kitchen. Another thing is how to manage human. This is grievous. If you inadequacy to be a good manager, you must know how to manage your subordinates. (M18) Acco rding to M11, those who have worked in some places, including overseas, are knowledgeable and they bring in new ideas. M15 stated that it is also consequential that managers know the underway issues in the hotel industry.Other knowledge listed by the respondents as important included how to do makeup works (NM21) and how to communicate with colleagues (NM15). Although education is not the most important requirement for a hotel managerial post, it is compulsory in enunciate to be promoted to a high-level management position. In some five-star hotels, employees are required to have at least a university credentials in order to be promoted to a management position in addition to other requirements. In other five-star hotels having a university parchment is a necessity. presently we require at least a diploma. In the past there were not many hotel schools. wholly those who are rich can present to cultivation overseas to learn somewhat hotel management and hotel industry. Bu t now, even Malaysia has Hotel forethought School. However, for me, education is secondary because in hotel industry you need experienced people. Experience comes first. (M18) Of the 19 managerial employees interviewed, five managers had a protection (including STPM and A Level) seven managers had a diploma and one manager had a degree. vii of these managers were MNC hotel employees.Based on the respondents profile, even those without college or university credential had the opportunity to be managers in MNC hotels. At present, only those with certificates are appointed as managers. 2047 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Another requirement mentioned by respondents was English proficiency. Out of 42 respondents, only eight mention slightly the importance of English proficiency. According to the respondents, to be a manager they must be able to communicate in English.While the softness to communicate in English will di squalify them for managerial positions, fluency in English is an advantage for them to further develop their careers. M18 stated that English proficiency is important because majority of their guests are foreigners. Interest to work in the industry is another important criterion that is rarely mentioned in the literature. According to a managerial respondent, students cheer to work in the industry is important because it competency affect the quality of their work.Whenever students come and work in the hotel industry, I ask them are you here because of your father, or you yourself desire to come here. If mortal says, I dont like hotel work, my father asks me to come here, I will say, concourse up your bags and go home. Seriously, if you deficiency to work in hotel industry, you must have the interest. If not, you will waste money, time and bm to do something that you dont like. So you better dont do it. Make your decision now, do you want to be a hotelier or not? Honestly, th e quality of workers now is rattling different compared to the last fifteen years. Now there are so many opportunities.So the quality is not there anymore. (M18) parley skill and interpersonal skill was also listed by the respondents as one of the necessary skills. However, it was mentioned by very a couple of(prenominal) respondents and not much was said about the two skills. Majority of the respondents mentioned about the importance of having work experience. Although it is clear that work experience is more important compared to education, this finding does not suggest that work experience is more important compared to other skills such as leadership and interpersonal skill. The objective of this study was to investigate what are the equirements for managerial post and not to rank the skills importance. DISCUSSION Based on the literature review and the findings of this study, the requirement for managerial post in Malaysian five-star hotels is work experience, leadership skill , knowledge, education, English wrangle proficiency, communicating skill, interpersonal skill and interest to be a hotelier. The significance of most of these skills for managerial success has been mentioned in existing literature. However, the significance of work experience and English run-in proficiency is more pronounced in the Malaysian context.This study found that having work experience is a necessity for graduates employment for managerial post. Knowledge and leadership skill are developed through education and work experience. While management theories and staple technical skills can be taught by academic institutions, leadership skills such as analytical and conceptual thinking, relationship building, and self control requires experience in the field (Brownell, 2006). Furthermore, work experience proved students technical skill. Technical skill efficiency is important for the first level managers due to their law of proximity with the non-managerial employees (Daft, 19 98).Therefore, a partnership with the industry through industrial training is crucial to develop students leadership skill which is necessary to foster high-performing organisation (Brownell, 2006). Sending students for industrial training is a normal practice for hotel schools. However, it was perceived insufficient by the hotel managers. Therefore, it is beneficial to elongate the industrial training period and to encourage students to do irregular at hotels. odd-job(prenominal) employees are employed during peak date when there is abundant of task to be completed.Therefore, besides earning some money, students can gain experience and enhanced the required skills. 2048 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Different from developed countries, education is perceived as secondary to work experience in Malaysian five-star hotels. However, the importance of education keeps increasing due to the increasing number of hotel manage ment schools and hotel management graduates. The findings of this study reveal that currently even those without higher education could attain management position in MNC five-star hotels.However, these managers have had many years of working experience and have bypast through a number of supervisory and management trainings conducted by the hotels. Even the local independent and chain hotels provide continuous training to their employees (Ahmad et al. , 2010). Due to the social and demographic changes, at present more educated individual is required for management post. Thus, only those with sufficient work experience and academic qualification could attain management position while others have to start from entrylevel position.To encourage hotels to recruit management candidates straight from the university like in the developed countries, local universities need to produce graduates who have sufficient work experience and are capable to handle management duties. The importance of English proficiency for graduates employment and career development especially in the hotel industry is prevalent in Malaysia (Hanapiah, 2002). Although English proficiency was mentioned by few respondents, it does not suggest that it is not as important as other skills. Furthermore, none of the respondents stated that it is less important compared to other skills.In fact, they stated that it is significant for the labour market employability and workforce advancement. The importance of English language proficiency has been highlighted in existing academic literatures (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006 Hanapiah, 2002 Brownell, 2006). Due to the importance, Malaysian five-star resort hotels have been providing English language training to their employees (Ahmad et al. , 2010). faculty member institutions can produce graduates who are unstable in English by using the language as the medium of instruction.Other than that, it is beneficial to interview students during their admission proce ss to assess their personal characteristics and English proficiency (Brownell, 2006). Selecting the right candidates for the industry can make producing quality graduates easier for the academic institutions. Interest in the field is another factor to qualify candidates for management post. Unlike other professions such as architecture and engineering, it is difficult to find students whose want is to be a hotelier or hotel employees. Academic institutions play an important role to develop students interest.Such interest can be developed by inviting successful guest speakers from the industry to share their experience and provide information of their job and how much they earn. However, the interest built can be destruct overnight if the students encounter negative experience such as workplace push around during their industrial training or part-time employment in the industry (Patah, Abdullah, Naba, Zahari and Radzi, 2010). Therefore, practitioners have to ensure that their empl oyees can be a role model to the students and not someone they want to avoid.On the other hand, students should be educate to face the challenges at the workplace. LIMITATION AND component OF THE RESEARCH This study lists the requirements for managerial posts but it does not rank the requirements ground on their importance. Although it states that work experience is more important compared to education, such statement is made based on respondents words. The qualitative nature of this study does not allow for ranking. Skills listed in the findings came from respondents mind. Respondents were not given any list of skills for them to rate and rank.Therefore it is imprecise to suggest that work experience is more important compared to leadership skill just because more respondents mentioned work experience as the requirement for managerial position. This article contributes to the hotel management literature by explaining about the requirements for the attainment of management post i n Malaysian five-star hotels and provides suggestions on how to develop and enhance the skills needed in the industry. The suggestion is based on practitioners view that is supported by 2049 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING he previous(prenominal) literature. This article can serve as a guide to the academicians, the university and colleges students and to those in early career positions in the hotel industry. CONCLUSION It is of the essence(p) for the industry and the academic institutions to have a partnership and unity of effort to mitigate the issue of skilled employees shortages. The academicians need to exonerate the importance of producing skilled workforce congruous with the industry human capital needs and the industry need to provide a more favourable workplace that graduates may perceived as an avenue to build their career.Increased unemployment of hotel management graduates coupled with increased settlement on foreign workers does not benefit the country, the industry and the academic institutions. Parents will eventually stop sending their children for hotel management syllabus when they realized that it does not guarantee a good future for their children. 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